tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25363260658115123352024-03-13T12:28:32.128-07:00The Fainting Lark.. as they named it in the Fifties.To-day they call it "the Chocking Game", one of many names for the one and only HypoxiphiliaAnne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-16745734105058676912019-01-28T17:07:00.000-08:002020-04-11T20:13:03.232-07:00Aux confins de l'hypoxie<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://expedition5300.com/"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Expédition 5300</span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Vivre à plus de 5.000
mètres d'altitude, respirer de l'air dont l'oxygène est réduit à
50% ?
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ils le font, les quelque
50.000 habitants de La Rinconada (Pérou), la ville la plus haute du
monde dans un paysage à l'aspect un peu lunaire. Ni faune ni flore. La
vie ne s’aventure que peu à pareille altitude. Et la ville tient
plus du « gigantesque bidonville » que d’une ville au sens où
nous l’entendons classiquement. Sa raison d’être : une mine d’or
dont l’exploitation a explosé depuis les années 1990. Mais
comment vivent-ils ?
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Une équipe de
chercheurs, sous la houlette de Samuel Vergès, chercheur Inserm au
laboratoire Hypoxie et Physiopathologies cardiovasculaires et
respiratoires, s'apprête à observer et comprendre cette population
qui évolue dans des conditions aux limites de la tolérance humaine.
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Vous étudiez depuis une quinzaine
d'années les effets de l'hypoxie sur l'être humain. Pouvez-vous
nous en dire deux mots ?</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">SV : L'hypoxie, c'est le
terme qu'emploient les scientifiques pour désigner un manque
d’oxygène. Le sujet est sensible, car il touche un certain nombre
de patients atteints par exemple de maladies respiratoires telles que
les broncho-pneumopathies chroniques ou encore de cardiopathies
congénitales. Pour leur apporter des solutions thérapeutiques, nous
nous appuyons sur différents modèles. Des animaux que nous exposons
à des conditions d'hypoxie. Et des êtres humains qui évoluent en
altitude.</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">D'où l'idée de cette
expédition, l'Expédition 5300 ?</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">SV : Nous avons déjà eu
l'occasion d'étudier des sujets de plaines exposés pendant
plusieurs jours à de hautes, voire de très hautes altitudes. Nous
avons pu montrer des modifications de circulation du sang et de
réactivité des vaisseaux. Et même un gonflement du cerveau. Nous
avons même pu mettre au point un masque à pression expiratoire
positive qui améliore de manière significative l'oxygénation
artérielle dans ces conditions difficiles. Avec l'Expédition 5300,
nous avons souhaité nous intéresser à une situation jamais encore
explorer : la vie à haute altitude.</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C'est pourquoi vous avez
choisi d'installer, pour plusieurs semaines, votre laboratoire à La
Rinconada (Pérou), une ville située dans la cordillère des Andes. </span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">SV : La Rinconada
constitue un cas unique d'habitat permanent d'êtres humains au-delà
de 5.000 mètres d'altitude. Là, quelque 50.000 hommes, femmes et
enfants naissent, grandissent et travaillent en étant exposés en
permanence à un taux d’oxygène diminué de 50 %. En France, les
patients sont placés sous oxygénothérapie avant même d'en arriver
à ce seuil. C'est dire à quel point les conditions de vie à La
Rinconada sont extrêmes. Et constituent pour nous un terrain d'étude
exceptionnel.</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Que savez-vous de ce qui
vous attend là-bas ?</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">SV : Nous sommes la
première équipe scientifique à accéder à cette ville et à ces
habitants hors normes. Mais grâce à un jeune médecin local, nous
avons déjà collecté de premières données cliniques pour en
extraire quelques informations intéressantes. Des valeurs
d’hématocrite - comprenez le volume occupé par les globules
rouges dans le sang - pouvant atteindre les 75 % par exemple, alors
qu'une valeur moyenne se situe autour de 40 %, par exemple. En
France, de telles valeurs sont considérées comme critiques et
immédiatement traitées.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pour nous, les conditions
de travail s'annoncent difficiles. Mais notre équipe est constituée
d'une quinzaine de scientifiques que nous savons plutôt tolérants à
l'altitude.</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Concrètement, comment
allez-vous travailler et quels sont vos objectifs ?</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">SV : Nous nous installons
au Pérou pour six semaines - à La Rinconada pour un petit mois -
avec un laboratoire éphémère qui nous permettra de procéder à
une toute première évaluation génétique, hématologique et
cardiovasculaire de cette population. Une caractérisation à échelle multiple - des gènes à l'organisme dans son ensemble, pris
dans son environnement - qui, nous l'espérons, mettra en lumière
les facteurs d'adaptation à ces conditions extrêmes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le tout devrait nous
permettre d'abord de proposer, par la suite, une prise en charge
médicale adaptée à la population de La Rinconada. Nos résultats
devraient également aider les habitants des plaines qui souhaitent
voyager en altitude à mieux tolérer ces conditions particulières.
Et bien sûr, nos travaux ont pour ambition de faire progresser notre
compréhension de toutes ces pathologies déjà évoquées et qui se
caractérisent par un manque d'oxygène.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKRRS-Em8FtXQJhCGookc27sTWg5JhrmQ8_tuq1A4bCUasFCh0NZti3yM3fDfg5rtUYFFu3pW1gKr7iz7fxiAIPkOdeVEW9Z25TcSs71s-TimV0OPYn7yUl406Aclo66tiZhIcE3OvZVFq/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-01-29+at+01.05.47.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1145" data-original-width="1600" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKRRS-Em8FtXQJhCGookc27sTWg5JhrmQ8_tuq1A4bCUasFCh0NZti3yM3fDfg5rtUYFFu3pW1gKr7iz7fxiAIPkOdeVEW9Z25TcSs71s-TimV0OPYn7yUl406Aclo66tiZhIcE3OvZVFq/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-01-29+at+01.05.47.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La station de ski de Val
Thorens peut être considérée comme la ville la plus haute de
France. Elle est établie à quelque 2.300 mètres d’altitude. Et
dans le monde, ils ne sont que quelque 140 millions d’habitants à
vivre à plus de 2.500 mètres d’altitude. C’est la ville de
Cerro de Pasco (Pérou), située à environ 4.200 mètres, qui a
donné lieu au plus grand nombre d’études scientifiques sur les
difficultés de la vie permanente en altitude. En élevant la barre
de plus de 1.000 mètres, l’Expédition 5300 promet de franchir un
pas en matière de connaissance sur les effets de l’hypoxie sur
l’être humain.</span></span></div>
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<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style>Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-90090872130078026622018-12-08T19:46:00.000-08:002019-11-29T14:45:48.272-08:00L'embrasement de la fin<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaeWrJkeKKwLieOduFP076eGp3LLLifq7tHy47MvYRDtVoS-YSnu32y0sxOBn2yxd3PO1T7paJsAQNZL_gVqvB3WW8RE6_CDKTdMCLrXLwduEySqKnqfMN-RZpgLuIsDrrHXiRqb6bn9FH/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-12-09+at+03.39.30.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="1082" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaeWrJkeKKwLieOduFP076eGp3LLLifq7tHy47MvYRDtVoS-YSnu32y0sxOBn2yxd3PO1T7paJsAQNZL_gVqvB3WW8RE6_CDKTdMCLrXLwduEySqKnqfMN-RZpgLuIsDrrHXiRqb6bn9FH/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-12-09+at+03.39.30.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ana.25147"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Une vague géante au début de la fin - neurobiologie de la mort</span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le cerveau humain est
très sensible à la privation d'oxygène. Des lésions étendues et
irréversibles se produisent environ 10 minutes après un arrêt
cardiaque (et donc circulatoire). Pour la première fois, des
chercheurs de la Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin et de
l'Université de Cincinnati ont pu étudier ces événements chez
l'homme.
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les résultats de cette
recherche, publiés dans Annals of Neurology*, pourraient éclairer
les stratégies de traitement futures en cas d’arrêt cardiaque et
d’accident vasculaire cérébral.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La privation d'oxygène
entraîne des lésions cérébrales. Depuis des années, les
chercheurs étudient les processus sous-jacents chez les animaux: au
bout de 20 à 40 secondes, le cerveau entre en «mode économie
d’énergie»: il devient électriquement inactif et toute
communication interneuronale cesse. En quelques minutes, les réserves
de carburant du cerveau se sont épuisées, ce qui maintient la
répartition inégale des ions entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur
des cellules nerveuses et les gradients ioniques commencent à
s’effondrer. Ce claquage prend la forme d’une vague massive
d’énergie électrochimique libérant sous forme de chaleur,
appelée «dépolarisation généralisée». Plus précisément
décrite comme un "tsunami cérébral", cette perte
d’énergie se propage dans le cortex et dans d’autres régions du
cerveau, déclenchant ainsi des cascades physiopathologiques qui
empoisonnent progressivement les cellules nerveuses. Il est important
de noter que cette onde reste réversible jusqu'à un certain moment:
les cellules nerveuses se rétablissent complètement si la
circulation est rétablie avant que ce point soit atteint. Cependant,
si la circulation reste perturbée, les cellules mourront. Jusqu'à
présent, les enregistrements d'activité cérébrale électrique
obtenus de sujets humains avaient une applicabilité limitée, et les
experts ont été divisés quant à la transférabilité des
résultats de la recherche sur les animaux.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il est généralement
impossible de prendre les mesures appropriées dans les minutes qui
suivent immédiatement un accident vasculaire cérébral ou un arrêt
cardiaque. Sous la direction du professeur Jens Dreier du Centre de
recherche sur les accidents vasculaires cérébraux de la Charité et
en collaboration avec le professeur Jed Hartings du département de
neurochirurgie de l'Université de Cincinnati, les chercheurs ont pu
étudier de tels cas pour la première fois. Leur recherche a été
facilitée par une configuration très spécifique. Les techniques
spécialisées de neuromonitoring, qui permettent la détection
précoce et le traitement ultérieur de complications cliniques,
deviennent de plus en plus courantes dans les soins neurocritiques
modernes. En particulier, l'électrocorticographie et les méthodes
invasives de surveillance de l'oxygène deviennent de plus en plus
importantes. Contrairement à l'électroencéphalographie
conventionnelle, l'électrocorticographie va au-delà du processus
d'enregistrement de l'activité épileptique, permettant aux
cliniciens d'enregistrer une dépolarisation en expansion avec une
précision jamais vue auparavant. Au cours des dernières années,
plusieurs études cliniques internationales ont pu confirmer que,
dans de nombreux cas graves de lésions cérébrales aiguës, des
dépolarisations se développant se développent dès que l’état
du patient s’aggrave. Lorsque cela se produit, le traitement doit
cibler les causes sous-jacentes de ce phénomène, afin de limiter sa
survenue.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dans le cadre de leur
étude d'observation, les chercheurs ont utilisé une technologie de
pointe de neuromonitoring. L’analyse scientifique des données de
surveillance et de l’évolution clinique de chaque patient a montré
que l’événement appelé «dépolarisation en phase terminale» se
produisait également chez l’homme, commençant quelques minutes
après un arrêt circulatoire. «<span style="color: #fff2cc;"><span style="background-color: #134f5c;">Nous avons pu montrer que la
dépolarisation en phase terminale est similaire chez l'homme et chez
l'animal</span></span>. Malheureusement, le monde de la recherche ignore ce
processus essentiel des lésions du système nerveux central depuis
des décennies, en raison de l'hypothèse erronée qu'il ne se
produit pas chez l'homme », explique le professeur Dreier. Les
raisons en sont principalement de nature méthodologique. </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rétablir
la circulation aussi rapidement que possible a été jusqu’à
présent l’unique objectif du traitement chez les patients victimes
d’un AVC ou d’un arrêt cardiaque. «La connaissance des
processus impliqués dans la propagation de la dépolarisation est
fondamentale pour le développement de stratégies de traitement
supplémentaires visant à prolonger la survie des cellules nerveuses
lorsque la perfusion cérébrale est perturbée», explique le
professeur Dreier. Il ajoute: «Cela découle naturellement du
principe adopté par Max Planck selon lequel la perspicacité doit
précéder l’application; nos idées peuvent nous donner de
l'espoir pour l'avenir. "</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbzUrsJXZ2B4ylmLMVj3kWEA5YPwRS6GY3YQ7cbgt5OS1-bWAX2LgjHlMXBZjd-keARA9c09YACXOoMcI51-JVHzgpI90kXell3Ka1sy4vXhpgvV56MYvSRl_ZVjbHkLj45QKYMnCebXFj/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-12-09+at+03.41.03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="1598" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbzUrsJXZ2B4ylmLMVj3kWEA5YPwRS6GY3YQ7cbgt5OS1-bWAX2LgjHlMXBZjd-keARA9c09YACXOoMcI51-JVHzgpI90kXell3Ka1sy4vXhpgvV56MYvSRl_ZVjbHkLj45QKYMnCebXFj/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-12-09+at+03.41.03.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'embrasement final
cerveau mis lumière l'expérience Jens Dreier est-il l'origine
l'apparition intense lumière blanche personnes expérience mort
imminente disent vue briller bout d'un mystérieux tunnel? Cela,
l'étude dit pas.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'embrasement final du
cerveau mis en lumière par l'expérience de Jens Dreier est-il à
l'origine de l'apparition de cette intense lumière blanche que les
personnes ayant fait une expérience de mort imminente disent avoir
vue briller au bout d'un mystérieux tunnel? Cela, l'étude ne le dit
pas. - Julien Coquentin / Hans Lucas</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">SCIENCES. Une expérience
réalisée dans une université berlinoise a permis de visualiser ce
qui se passait dans le cerveau d'un mourant au moment fatidique. Et
les résultats, inédits, sont étonnants. Cérébralement parlant,
la mort est moins une extinction qu'un ultime embrasement électrique.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C'est la grande, la
fatidique question : que se passe-t-il dans notre cerveau - et donc
dans notre esprit, dans notre conscience - à la minute de notre mort
? La réponse, jusqu'ici, paraissait hors d'atteinte de
l'investigation scientifique : personne n'est jamais revenu de
l'autre rive pour témoigner de ce qu'il avait vu et ressenti au
moment de passer de vie à trépas.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Certes, il y a bien ces
récits troublants recueillis sur les lèvres de celles et ceux qui
ont frôlé la mort de près. Regroupés sous l'appellation d'«
expériences de mort imminente » (EMI), ils sont pris très au
sérieux par une partie de la communauté des neuroscientifiques qui
les répertorie et les décortique, comme le fait l'équipe du Coma
Science Group à l'université de Liège (lire ci-dessous).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mais, par définition,
les survivants dont l'expérience a été reconnue comme authentique
EMI après évaluation sur l'échelle de Greyson (du nom du
psychiatre américain Bruce Greyson, qui l'a proposée en 1983) ont
échappé à la mort. Ils n'en ont vu que l'ombre. La mort elle-même
et ce qu'elle provoque dans le cerveau du mourant demeurent
entièrement nimbés de mystère. Du moins était-ce le cas jusqu'à
cette année...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dans une étude publiée
par la revue « Annals of Neurology » qui a fait sensation - mais
que la presse française a peu relayée, à l'exception du magazine «
Science et Vie » -, le professeur en neurologie expérimentale à
l'université Charité de Berlin, Jens Dreier, détaille l'expérience
extraordinaire à laquelle son équipe et lui se sont livrés sur
neuf patients. Ces neuf personnes, toutes entrées en soins intensifs
à la suite de blessures cérébrales, faisaient l'objet d'un
monitorage neurologique lourd, plus invasif qu'un simple
électroencéphalogramme.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">« Il s'agit d'une
technique non conventionnelle, qui permet d'enregistrer l'activité
électrique du cerveau, y compris à de très basses fréquences, de
l'ordre de 0,01 hertz », explique Stéphane Marinesco, responsable
du Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon. Les basses
fréquences émises par le cerveau ont du mal à traverser le scalp,
ce qui les rend indétectables aux appareils d'électroencéphalogramme
dont les électrodes sont placées sur le cuir chevelu. Dans le
système de monitorage dont étaient équipés les patients du
service du Pr Dreier, les électrodes étaient placées à
l'intérieur du crâne, et même sous la dure-mère, cette membrane
rigide qui entoure le cerveau et la moelle épinière.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cet accès aux très
basses fréquences, correspondant à une activité électrique lente,
a été la fenêtre qui a permis à Jens Dreier et son équipe de
visualiser ce qui se passait dans le cerveau de personnes en train de
mourir. Pour leur expérience, les neuroscientifiques allemands ont
simplement demandé aux familles, une fois devenu évident que le
patient ne survivrait pas à son accident, l'autorisation de
poursuivre l'enregistrement jusqu'au bout. Et même un peu au-delà
du « bout », c'est-à-dire de la mort cérébrale, ce moment à
partir duquel un classique électroencéphalogramme n'enregistre plus
aucune activité cérébrale et que l'Organisation mondiale de la
santé considère comme le critère médico-légal du décès.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Une vague de dépolarisation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Qu'ont montré les
enregistrements réalisés à la Charité de Berlin ? Quelque chose
de tout à fait fascinant, jusque-là inédit, et qui devrait
peut-être amener les spécialistes à reconsidérer leur définition
du décès et de son moment exact. Ce phénomène cérébral, indique
l'étude, survient entre 2 et 5 minutes après l'ischémie, moment où
les organes (dont le cerveau) ne sont plus alimentés en sang et donc
en oxygène. Et il dure lui-même une petite dizaine de minutes. On
peut l'assimiler à une sorte d'incendie électrique qui s'allume à
un bout du cerveau et, de là, se propage à la vitesse de 50 microns
par seconde dans tout l'encéphale avant de s'éteindre à l'autre
bout, son oeuvre de destruction accomplie. Les neuroscientifiques
parlent de « vague de dépolarisation ».</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pour maintenir le «
potentiel de membrane » qui lui permet de communiquer avec ses
voisins sous forme d'influx nerveux (lire ci-contre), un neurone a
besoin d'énergie. Et donc d'être irrigué en permanence par le sang
venu des artères qui lui apporte l'oxygène indispensable à la
production de cette énergie sous forme d'adénosine triphosphate
(ATP). Tout le travail de Jens Dreier a consisté à observer ce qui
se passait pour les neurones une fois que, le coeur ayant cessé de
battre et la pression artérielle étant tombée à zéro, ils
n'étaient plus alimentés en oxygène.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">« L'étude a montré que
les neurones se mettaient alors en mode 'économie d'énergie' »,
commente Stéphane Marinesco. Pendant les 2 à 5 minutes séparant
l'ischémie de l'apparition de la vague de dépolarisation, ils
puisent dans leurs réserves d'ATP pour maintenir leur potentiel de
membrane. Pendant cette phase intermédiaire, au cours de laquelle le
cerveau est littéralement entre la vie et la mort, celui-ci ne subit
encore aucune lésion irréversible : si l'apport en oxygène venait
à être rétabli, il pourrait se remettre à fonctionner sans
dommages majeurs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Réaction en chaîne</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mais cette résistance
héroïque des cellules nerveuses a ses limites. A un moment donné,
en l'un ou l'autre endroit du cerveau, un premier neurone « craque
», c'est-à-dire qu'il dépolarise. Les stocks de potassium qui lui
permettaient de maintenir son potentiel de membrane étant devenus
inutiles, il les largue dans le milieu extra-cellulaire. Il agit de
même avec ses stocks de glutamate, le principal neurotransmetteur
excitateur du cerveau.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mais, ce faisant, ce
premier neurone initie une redoutable réaction en chaîne : le
potassium et le glutamate par lui libérés atteignent un neurone
voisin dont ils provoquent aussitôt la dépolarisation ; à son
tour, ce deuxième neurone relâche ses stocks et provoque la
dépolarisation d'un troisième, etc. Ainsi apparaît et se propage
la vague de dépolarisation, correspondant à l'activité électrique
lente enregistrée par le système de monitorage spécifique utilisé
à la Charité de Berlin. Le « bouquet final » du cerveau sur le
point de s'éteindre définitivement.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il est d'autres
circonstances de la vie où l'on observe des vagues de
dépolarisation, un peu différentes en ceci qu'elles ne sont pas,
comme ici, irréversibles. C'est notamment le cas dans les migraines
avec aura, naguère appelées migraines ophtalmiques, car elles
s'accompagnent de symptômes visuels qui peuvent être de simples
distorsions du champ visuel, mais aussi, parfois, l'apparition de
taches lumineuses, voire de véritables hallucinations assez
similaires à celles rapportées dans les EMI.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'embrasement final du
cerveau mis en lumière par l'expérience de Jens Dreier est-il à
l'origine de l'apparition de cette intense lumière blanche que les
personnes ayant fait une expérience de mort imminente disent avoir
vue briller au bout d'un mystérieux tunnel ? Cela, l'étude ne le
dit pas. Mais l'hypothèse ne paraît pas indéfendable.</span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le mystère des
expériences de mort imminente</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A l'université de Liège,
l'équipe du Coma Science Group a constitué une base de données de
plus de 1.600 récits d'expériences de mort imminente (EMI). Sur ce
corpus, elle en a passé au crible 154. Cette étude qualitative
publiée l'an dernier révélait que presque aucun récit ne
ressemblait à un autre sur le plan de la chronologie des événements,
même si des composantes communes existent bien. La plus récurrente
est la sensation de bien-être et de paix (présente dans 80 % des
récits d'EMI), devant la perception d'une lumière brillante (69 %),
la rencontre avec des défunts ou des êtres mystiques (64 %) et le
sentiment de décorporation (53 %).</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il y a seize ans, un
neuroscientifique suisse avait déclenché involontairement, chez une
patiente épileptique, une telle illusion de sortie du corps en
stimulant le gyrus angulaire de sa jonction temporo-pariétale
droite. La vague de dépolarisation qui, au seuil de la mort, vient
exciter une ultime fois tout l'encéphale - y compris cette zone bien
précise - est-elle à l'origine des expériences de décorporation
rapportées dans les EMI ?</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le fonctionnement
électrochimique du neurone</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dans tout neurone vivant,
il existe une différence de potentiel électrique entre les faces
externe et interne de sa membrane.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cette différence de
potentiel, appelée potentiel de membrane, est due à la présence,
sur la face externe, d'espèces chimiques chargées positivement et,
sur la face interne, d'espèces chimiques chargées négativement.
Ces espèces chimiques sont des ions, principalement des ions de
potassium.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La circulation des ions
de potassium de part et d'autre de la membrane du neurone, via les
canaux ioniques, permet de faire fluctuer la valeur du potentiel de
membrane.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lorsque ce potentiel de
membrane passe d'une valeur négative, dite « de repos », à une
valeur positive, correspondant à un état d'excitation, on dit que
ce neurone dépolarise.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ce mécanisme
électrochimique est ce qui permet aux neurones de communiquer avec
leurs voisins sous forme d'influx nerveux.</span></span><br />
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<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style>Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-60022980612928086192018-09-13T19:05:00.001-07:002018-09-13T19:05:14.925-07:00Coroner etc.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Quand appelle-t-on le coroner ?</span></span><br />
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-22302774759775732452017-08-08T19:54:00.002-07:002017-08-08T19:57:28.320-07:00Sans oxygène pendant 18'<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le rat-taupe nu (ou glabre)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Originaire de l'Afrique de l'Est, il peut survivre environ 18
minutes sans oxygène.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Un article publié dans la revue <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/naked-mole-rats-can-survive-18-minutes-without-oxygen-here-s-how-they-do-it">Science</a> (20.04.2017) et signé Kai Kupferschmidt, présente cette espèce comme les superhéros des animaux de laboratoire. Ils présentent peu de signes de vieillissement, ils sont résistant à quelques types de douleur et n'ont presque jamais de cancer. Mais la dernière découverte est que ces animaux peuvent survivre plus de 18 minutes sans oxygène. Comment y parviennent-ils ?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chez les autres mammifères dont l'homme, les cellules
cérébrales commencent à mourir quelques minutes après le début de la privation d'oxygène. Le
rat-taupe nu dispose d'un mécanisme de secours : son corps est capable de changer de source d'énergie, une stratégie qui ouvre la voie à de nouvelles manières de combattre l"AVC et la crise cardiaque chez l'homme. Le Prof. Grant McClelland, de l'Université McMaster de Hamilton (Canada), spécialiste de physiologie comparée, considère que c'est un "fait exceptionnel pour un mammifère". Le rat-taupe nu est exceptionnellement résistant à l'air contenant de hauts niveaux de dioxyde de carbone ou peu d'oxygène. Ces animaux vivent en colonies pouvant aller jusqu'à 300 individus et occupent des trous souterrains où l'oxygène peut être très raréfié. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pour déterminer de quel minimum d'oxygène le rat-taupe nu a besoin pour survivre, Thomas Park, un chercheur en neurosciences de l'Université de l'Illinois, à Chicago, et Gary Lewin, un biologiste spécialisé en physiologie du Centre Max Delbrück pour la médecine moléculaire (Berlin), ont placé des rats-taupes nus et des souris dans une pièce sans oxygène. Les souris sont mortes en moins d'une minute. Quant aux rats-taupes nus, leurs battements cardiaques ont ralenti de 200 à 50 par minutes et ils ont rapidement perdu connaissance. Mais même après avoir passé 18 minutes dans la pièce sans oxygène <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/248">ils ont récupéré complètement</a> quand on leur a fourni de l'air normal. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Le mécanisme peut être lié à la manière dont le rat-taupe nu métabolise le sucre. Les mammifères, dont l'homme, utilisent le glucose comme source d'énergie au cours d'un processus à plusieurs étapes appelé glycolyse. Ce processus exige de l'oxygène. Sans oxygène, des produits dérivés comme le lactate se développent, inhibant les premières étapes de la glycolyse, et la production d'énergie cesse. Les réserves d'énergie sont rapidement vidées, spécialement dans le cerveau, et les cellules commencent à périr. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Looking for chemical changes in the oxygen-deprived naked mole rats,
the researchers found sharply higher levels of two sugars in the blood,
fructose and sucrose (a molecule consisting of fructose and glucose).
And compared with other mammals, those mole rats also had higher levels
throughout the body of both GLUT5—a molecule that transports fructose
into cells—and an enzyme that converts fructose into a form that can
enter glycolysis. “Together this allows the naked mole rat to use
fructose as fuel instead of glucose when there is no oxygen,” Lewin
says.</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Because fructose enters glycolysis at a later stage, energy
production can go on if no oxygen is present and the first steps of
glycolysis are blocked. According to McClelland, even fish or turtles
that can survive long periods without oxygen have not modified
glycolysis in that way. “It is a great example of evolution finding
different solutions for the same or similar environmental challenges,”
he says.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“I’m fascinated by this glucose-to-fructose switch,” says Rochelle
Buffenstein, a biologist at Calico, a research company in South San
Francisco, California, that former Google board member Arthur Levinson
founded to combat aging. Buffenstein has studied naked mole rats for
more than 30 years and says the animals still manage to surprise her.
Researchers should start to look whether other animals in low-oxygen
environments have evolved to use fructose that way, she says, adding,
“there’s a whole world of wonderful, crazy critters out there.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Still, how important the switch to fructose is for the animals’
survival isn’t clear, cautions Göran Erik Nilsson, a comparative
physiologist at the University of Oslo. Other mechanisms such as slowing
down metabolism play a role, as does the mole rats’ unusually low body
temperature, a cool 30°C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Better understanding the mole rat’s energy switchover will be key to
any hope of somehow using it to help humans. During a stroke or a heart
attack, for example, oxygen flow to the brain is interrupted and brain
cells begin to die within minutes, Park says. “If we could activate the
fructose pathway, we could significantly extend that time span,” he
predicts.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“I’m very excited by this paper,” Buffenstein says. “I’m looking forward to seeing what happens next.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Survivre
au moins 5 heures</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Les
végétaux comme le rat-taupe nu --apparemment le seul mammifère
doté de cette capacité-- ont un métabolisme capable de transformer
le fructose en énergie sans utiliser d'oxygène. "Ce rongeur a
tout simplement réorganisé son métabolisme pour le rendre tolérant
à un environnement ayant peu d'oxygène", a indiqué Thomas
Park, professeur de biologie à l'Université d'Illinois à Chicago,
qui étudie ces étranges créatures depuis près de deux décennies.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Avec
un faible niveau d'oxygène qui tuerait un humain en quelques
minutes, le rat-taupe nu peut survivre au moins cinq heures, a-t-il
précisé. Les humains ont besoin d'une atmosphère contenant au
moins 10% d'oxygène. L'air que nous respirons en contient
normalement 21%. En dessous de 10%, l'organisme ne peut générer
assez d'énergie pour assurer les fonctions vitales des cellules.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dans
les mêmes conditions de privation d'oxygène, le rat-taupe nu voit
sa respiration et son rythme cardiaque se ralentir, puisant dans les
grandes quantités de fructose libérées dans son sang pour produire
de l'énergie jusqu'à ce que l'oxygène redevienne suffisant.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Selon
les scientifiques, comprendre la façon dont ce petit rongeur
d'Afrique de l'Est active ce processus biologique pourrait
éventuellement ouvrir la voie à de nouveaux traitements pour des
victimes de crise cardiaque ou d'accident vasculaire cérébral dont
l'organisme a été privé d'oxygène.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Un
animal mystérieux</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">La survie de 18 minutes sans oxygène n'a été suivie d'aucune séquelle.
Lors de l'expérience les rongeurs
ont cessé totalement de se mouvoir et leur rythme cardiaque
est passé de 200 à 50 pulsations à la minute. "Ils ont pu
survivre sans aucun dommage neurologique apparent", a précisé
Jane Reznick, une biologiste moléculaire du Centre Max Delbrück de
médecine moléculaire à Berlin, un des co-auteurs de la recherche.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Les
scientifiques ont également observé que ces animaux étaient
protégés contre un manque d'oxygène qui provoque une accumulation
de fluides dans les poumons dont souffrent les alpinistes à haute
altitude et qui peut être mortel. Ils estiment que ce métabolisme
unique est une adaptation à son habitat très peu oxygéné. Car, à
la différence des mammifères vivant en terriers, ce rongeur partage
des galeries souterraines peu ventilées avec une centaine de
congénères.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Les
souris ont une espérance de vie maximum de trois ans alors que le
plus vieux des rats-taupes connu est mort à 32 ans. Ces chercheurs
notent que le rat-taupe nu reste peu étudié comme animal modèle de
recherche. Les scientifiques ont ainsi découvert leur très grande
tolérance à la douleur en 2009 et achevé le séquençage de leur
génome seulement en 2011.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ce
petit rongeur continue à être mystérieux: ces scientifiques n'ont
pas pu ainsi déterminer l'origine du fructose. Ces rongeurs vivent
en société, à l'instar des abeilles, dans des colonies
souterraines pouvant atteindre 300 membres où une reine donne
naissance à des enfants travailleurs.</span></span><br />
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-1839534278165499562016-12-22T15:46:00.001-08:002017-01-25T09:44:47.725-08:001999-2014 : plus de 270 accidents rapportés dans la presse britannique <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">et examinés par les cours de justice des coroners</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Colloque international organisé par l'Apeas et la MAE les 6 et 7 octobre 2014</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jeux dangereux, violence et harcèlement - Savoir, Comprendre, Prévenir</span>*</span></div>
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<br />
<i>Translation in English <a href="http://faintlark.blogspot.pt/p/communication-in-international.html">ici</a>.</i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Il est question ici</span> d'une certaine catégorie de victimes, de ces jeunes qui
font une expérience en solitaire et parfois n’en reviennent pas. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">L</span>e mot <i>expérience</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span>est employé à dessein, car il est clair qu’ils
ne jouent pas. En groupe, l’objectif est de rire quand on voit un
copain s'évanouir, en solitaire c’est tout le contraire,
l’objectif est précisément de <i>ne pas s’évanouir</i>. Si tous les
policiers appelés sur les scènes de crime le savaient, ils
détecteraient plus facilement les indices (parfois un dispositif)
montrant que l'évanouissement, mortifère, était redouté.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Comment ont été glané</span>es les données sur ces jeunes qui <i>ne jouaient pas</i>,
ici limitées à l'année 2008? <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">À tra<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">vers la presse </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">britannique, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">et en particulier</span> les <i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">R</span>ed <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">T</span>op</span>s</i>, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">toujours affamés</span></span> de faits-divers singuliers<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">, qui</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">rapportent<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span></span>les audiences des coroners, incontournables en cas de mort non naturelle<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Depuis le tournant du siècle c</span>es articles sont</span> publi<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">és</span> sur la
Toile. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Au Royaume-Uni le <i>jeu du foulard</i> est pratiquement inconnu,
autrement dit <i>n'existe pas</i>, aussi la presse populaire ne craint-elle
pas de violer un tabou lorsqu'elle rapporte qu'un jeune a été
trouvé mort par pendaison : qui aurait l'idée de penser que
peut-être il ne voulait pas mourir et que son acte n'était pas
suicidaire ? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">La mémoire des médias est malheureusement fort courte
car la pratique du <i>fainting game</i> fut <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">relayée</span> par bien des journaux
en 1999 lorsqu'un de ses camarades trouva Nicholas Taylor une
ceinture autour du cou et l'autre extrémité attachée à la poignée
de la porte de sa chambre à Eaton, pépinière des élites
britanniques. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Ce drame, qui secoua d'incrédulité ceux qui le
vécurent, fit dire à Robert Wilson, coroner de l'East Berkshire,
qu'<i>après avoir siégé dans cette cour de justice pendant 28 ans il
pensait avoir tout entendu et se demandait à quel point il avait été
naïf de ne pas imaginer que la strangulation pouvait avoir été
pratiquée parmi des garçons qui étaient la crème de la crème de
la société britannique et probablement d'une intelligence
supérieure à la moyenne.</i> Robert Wilson émit un <i>verdict</i> de
<i>mésaventure</i>. <span lang="en-GB">Personne ne fut capable de répondre
à la question qui désormais le hanta : pourquoi ?</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">L'affaire
étant plus que dérangeante, on convint que le cas était
exceptionnel et s'expliquait par la seule imagination prolifique des
brillants Eatoniens. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Le</span> recueil de données<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> s'est donc effectué</span> de manière empirique <span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">via l'introduction</span> de mots-clefs pertinents dans l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">a f<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">onction "alerte" du</span></span> moteur de recherche : <i>found hanging,
narrative verdict, misadventure, chocking game, prank, bunk bed,
belt, </i>etc.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span></span>Google envoie par courriel tous les articles où ces mots<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">-clefs sont présents. </span>Ont été ainsi relevés</span> environ 270 cas entre 1999 et 2014, un
chiffre qui bien entendu ne saurait être exhaustif. Jusqu'en
2004-2005 quelques tabloïds comme le<i> Daily Mail</i> et <i>Evening Standard</i>
publiaient sur la Toile, l'impact du semi-tabloïd <i>Telegraph</i>, du
<i>Guardian</i> et de <i>BBC News</i> étant encore discret.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKg0AVUxqqPm5UUc6OD5AA08ozW3ikXbAjImaaJ5HoLu1eyEJi_lnapESa8SYomrzVqroe_gC6j70xMGp6zKsPUu4UhYHmhTae3krrLaYbyY91zW-LXKtWlJ6j9OUaYJxELVF2sBrx4VFu/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-23+at+00.30.37.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKg0AVUxqqPm5UUc6OD5AA08ozW3ikXbAjImaaJ5HoLu1eyEJi_lnapESa8SYomrzVqroe_gC6j70xMGp6zKsPUu4UhYHmhTae3krrLaYbyY91zW-LXKtWlJ6j9OUaYJxELVF2sBrx4VFu/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-23+at+00.30.37.png" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Au
Royaume-Uni quand surgit un décès inexpliqué, sans cause
apparente, anticipée ou <i>naturelle</i>, bien que ce <i>non naturel</i> ne soit
pas légalement défini, un coroner est désigné et une enquête est
menée sous sa direction. Ces officiers de justice nommés par les
autorités locales sont la plupart du temps des avocats, parfois des
médecins, avec au moins 5 ans d’expérience. Ils ne sont jamais
coroners à plein temps, c’est une activité sporadique, qui se
déroule en marge de leur activité professionnelle.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Les
coroners sont dotés de tribunaux spéciaux, en marge de la <i>Common
Law</i>. Cette procédure accusatoire des pays anglo-saxons implique que
le requérant et le défendant établissent chacun de leur côté,
avec leurs avocats respectifs, une version des faits, le juge et les
jurés optant pour le meilleur, le plus convaincant des deux récits.
En France et dans d’autres pays européens à procédure
inquisitoire, un juge est chargé d'une instruction au terme de
laquelle il décide de poursuivre ou non, suivant les éléments
probants qu’il a recueillis. C'est de cette manière que procèdent
les coroners. Ils se comportent comme des magistrats instructeurs,
interrogent les témoins, les amis, la famille, enquêtent sur les
activités de la victime, cherchent à savoir comment elle percevait
le monde et comment le monde la percevait, afin d'établir ce qui
s’est passé et être au plus près de ce qui est arrivé. Mais
l'objectif du coroner est de mettre au jour <i>des faits et non des
fautes</i>. Il existe en France, à l'état embryonnaire, une démarche
comparable réservée au suicide, <i>l'autopsie psychologique</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">L'enquête
de coroner, qui est publique, dure en général plusieurs mois et se
conclut par une audience où tout le monde est invité à
comparaître. Le parcours de vie de la victime est retracé, le
coroner peut autoriser les proches à interroger les témoins.
Personne n'est incriminé et le verdict, la <i>décision finale</i>, n’est
pas sans recours. Il est rare toutefois qu'il soit fait appel.
Symboliquement une page est tournée, socialement le tissu déchiré
est recousu, marquant les esprits d'une sorte de sérénité pérenne.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Au cours de
l'année 2008, au Royaume-Uni, 16 filles (4(1)–20, médiane 15/16
ans, 13 cas) et 25 garçons (8–25(1), médiane 13/14 ans, 16 cas)
semblent avoir succombé en raison de pratiques recherchant
l'hypoxie. Rien ne corrobore que la prépondérance "masculine"
soit autre chose qu'une spéculation, certaines indications donnent à
penser que les filles pourraient être plus prudentes. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Douze
garçons (8–13) sont morts <i>lors d'un tragique accident, d'un jeu
qui a mal tourné, par imitation ou mystérieusement</i>. À propos de
Joshua (8) le coroner Andre Rebello, contrairement à la presse qui
parle de suicide, émet un <i>verdict de mésaventure</i> parce que la
victime <i>s’est mise elle-même dans cette situation</i> sans que rien
n’indique qu’il se soit ôté volontairement la vie. Le verdict
concernant Sam (13) est <i>narratif</i>, une sorte de <i>verdict par défaut</i>
prononcé quand ne sait pas bien ce qui s’est passé tout en étant
sûr que ce n’est pas un suicide. Le coroner Alan Crickmore décrit
sans expliquer ni tirer de conclusion car il <i>ne peut déterminer si
les actions de la victime ont été délibérées ou expérimentales</i>.
Toutefois ses paroles donnent à penser que le coroner croit savoir
ce que Sam a fait. Cette enquête a duré plus d’un an et les
parents, c’est absolument exceptionnel, se sont opposés au
verdict. Ils ont ensuite fait campagne, persuadés, ou voulant le
croire, que le harcèlement avait poussé leur enfant au suicide,
bien que les enquêteurs n'aient rien trouvé à l'appui de cette
hypothèse.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Il arrive,
comme dans le cas de Jordan (13), que le coroner Nigel Chapman (un
médecin) soit singulièrement assez explicite – <i>les éléments de
preuve dont nous disposons indiquent qu'il s'est livré à un jeu qui
a mal tourné</i> –, bien que la qualification du <i>jeu</i> se réduise sans
plus de détails au fait qu'il <i>a mal tourné</i>.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">D'une
manière générale, il n'y a pas de commune mesure entre les propos
des coroners, parfois sibyllins comme pour ménager tout en mettant
en garde, et les titres de la presse où le mot d'ordre n'est pas la
conformité à la réalité, mais le spectaculaire. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Parmi les
treize garçons de 14–24(1) censés s'être supprimés <i>parce que
l'amie était loin, à cause d'une épidémie de suicides, en raison
d'un harcèlement</i> (non confirmé) ou <i>incompréhensiblement</i>, le
coroner Thomas récuse explicitement l'hypothèse d'un suicide dans
le cas de Rupert (14), tandis que la presse explique le drame par le
renvoi du père, une personnalité de la BBC, huit mois auparavant.
Le coroner observe simplement que <i>14 ans, c’est un peu jeune pour
anticiper les conséquences de certaines actions.</i> </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">La presse
titre que Ryan (17) <i>venait d’entrer dans un mur avec l’auto de
son grand-père</i>, et conclut, comme si cela était dans l'ordre des
choses, qu'il <i>a enroulé une laisse autour de son cou et l'a
accrochée à la poignée d’une fenêtre</i>. Sans ambages le coroner
David Hinchliffe déclare <i>ignorer si ce décès est lié ou non à la
voiture mais remarque que quelque chose avait manifestement mis Ryan
hors de lui. </i>Et d'ajouter à son <i>verdict de</i> <i>mésaventure</i> cette
déclaration qui en dit long et révèle qu'il n'est pas dupe : <i>il
est possible que, comme beaucoup d’autres, il n’ait pas réalisé
que si l'on exerce une pression sur le cou, on tombe dans
l’inconscience en quelques secondes et au-delà de tout secours en
quelques minutes</i>.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Du côté
des quatre filles de 4(1)–13, victimes <i>par accident, du fait de
harcèlement</i> (non corroboré) ou <i>malgré une extrême popularité</i>,
il y a le cas de Hannah (13) dont le décès est attribué à une
variante du mouvement <i>gothique</i> (addiction pour la tendance Emo,
premières lettres du mot <i><span lang="en-GB">emotional</span></i>).
Malgré l'absence d'écrit évoquant le geste, élément suffisant
pour faire douter du suicide, le coroner Roger Sykes considère que
cette très jeune fille s'est infligé la mort. J'ai toutefois retenu
ce cas car le moyen employé (la cravate d'uniforme attachée au lit
superposé) est l'un des plus courants dans l'expérience en
solitaire.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Paige (4)
avait fait exactement la même chose la veille, elle avait attaché
un ruban à un hamac accroché à son lit superposé, son père
l'avait trouvée à demi étranglée et avait coupé le ruban,
croyant à un geste maladroit. Compte tenu de l'âge de la victime et
bien que l'enfant ait semblé savoir ce qu'elle faisait, la coroner
Rachel Redman a la prudence de conclure à un <i>accident</i>.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Parmi les
douze filles de 14–19, dont les médias justifient la mort par <i>la
trahison</i> ou <i>le silence du copain</i>,<i> un épisode de somnambulisme</i>, ou
encore <i>le mimétisme</i>, le cas d'Emily (15), <i>malheureuse</i>, selon la
presse,<i> à cause de la séparation de ses parents</i>, illustre ce qu’est
un <i>verdict ouvert</i>. Le suicide n'est pas exclu, mais l'intention de
mourir n’a pas été exprimée. Le coroner Andrew Bradley déclare
qu’il lui est <i>difficile de concilier l’idée de la mort d’une
adolescente de 15 ans et le suicide</i>. Emily était en pension. Sa mère
s'indigne qu’on ne l’ait pas surveillée tous les quarts d’heure,
ce à quoi le coroner répond qu'<i>il ne partage pas son avis</i>.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Le cas de
Georja (15) est troublant, car cette jeune athlète pré-olympique
venait juste de remporter une médaille d’or. Selon le coroner
Christopher Johnson, <i>la mort a résulté d’une suspension effectuée
par la victime</i>, mais il émet prudemment un <i>verdict narratif,
l’intention restant obscure</i>.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">À
Bridgend, au sud du pays de Galles, une mystérieuse série de (25)
décès par semi-suspension inquiéta la population entre 2007 et
2008. Là encore on remarque la prudence du coroner Andrew Haigh qui
prononce à propos Jenna (16) et de Natasha (18) un <i>verdict narratif</i>,
ce verdict qui exclut le suicide et indique que l'acte n'a pas été
accidentel, mais qu'il n'a pas été possible de déterminer ce qui
l'a motivé.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Le principe
régulateur des enquêtes du coroner exige en effet d'<i>établir
au-delà de tout doute raisonnable</i> que la victime connaissait et
désirait les conséquences de ses actes. </span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTSuqw6QhhOeMuutsLz9tAjPxNyJiWFgZwiof2u8asXvZjOq5x8RQfwKAk-5sBxa1qbEdplNwV6oWLyQ0hpTUzKI-4UOAM9BnlAiMjaD2XSThgnqMH8euUnf1Mbf-LZcyi5LN112ZzkaC7/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-01-23+at+23.33.04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTSuqw6QhhOeMuutsLz9tAjPxNyJiWFgZwiof2u8asXvZjOq5x8RQfwKAk-5sBxa1qbEdplNwV6oWLyQ0hpTUzKI-4UOAM9BnlAiMjaD2XSThgnqMH8euUnf1Mbf-LZcyi5LN112ZzkaC7/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-01-23+at+23.33.04.png" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Honi soit qui mal y pense</i> (devise en anglo-normand de l'<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_de_la_Jarreti%C3%A8re" title="Ordre de la Jarretière">Ordre de la Jarretière</a>, l'ordre le plus important de la chevalerie britannique - Dieu et Mon Droit</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
*Les <a href="http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=47895">actes du colloque</a> ont été publiés chez l'Harmattan<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-15141767968503863812016-12-12T19:48:00.000-08:002016-12-22T10:23:27.517-08:00Mythes, rites et réalité de l'hypoxie (2)<br />
<i>début <a href="http://faintlark.blogspot.pt/">ici</a></i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPP_TurtVuijrqhhWypZtuTGN7f6MmwtzGX00exYMO4YH95zwFDul8A7qGPvIc07qsgalo-Nkbg_xe804SEZsRtPxn6prJyEuK3uOG4RjErlBINbLzf4wbWXqmqfsUHl64xxjobJiqR33n/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+02.49.07.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPP_TurtVuijrqhhWypZtuTGN7f6MmwtzGX00exYMO4YH95zwFDul8A7qGPvIc07qsgalo-Nkbg_xe804SEZsRtPxn6prJyEuK3uOG4RjErlBINbLzf4wbWXqmqfsUHl64xxjobJiqR33n/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+02.49.07.png" width="156" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Que peuvent nous
apprendre d'autres lieux, d'autres temps ? </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Plutarque rapporte comment
les jeunes filles de Milet furent saisies un jour, sans motif connu,
sans justification aucune, de la manie bizarre de se pendre.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Moralia : <i>Actions courageuses et vertueuses des
femmes</i>, chapitre 19</span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On accusa des pestilences
répandues dans l'air qui auraient subitement troublé leur raison.
Pourquoi leur raison et non celle des autres habitants ? Peu
importait la logique, il fallait une explication et la pollution de
l'air a depuis toujours été considérée comme source de maladies. Les
pendaisons se succédaient sans qu'il fût possible de remédier à
cette mode surprenante. Jusqu'au jour où l'on s'avisa de décréter
que toute fille qui se pendrait serait exposée nue sur la place
publique, avec le lien dont elle se serait servie. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cette</span>
méthode de prévention se révéla aussi <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">clairvoyante</span> qu'efficace</span> car les pendaisons
cessèrent aussitôt, la pudeur post-mortem l'emportant sur un désir
de mort <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">qui tout de même ne semb<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">le guère plausible</span></span>. Bien que
Plutarque considère le désistement des jeunes filles comme une
marque de noblesse et de mérite, on a du mal à souscrire à l'idée
de contagion suicidaire tant ce qui était lié à la mort dans la
Grèce antique était cause de souillure pour la maison et la famille
du défunt et exigeait toutes sortes de rituels de purification.
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Au musée d'anthropologie
de Mexico on peut voir une statue de pierre précolombienne
représentant un adolescent nu, une corde enroulée autour du
cou. Des cicatrices sont visibles sur ses joues et son front, ce sont
des ornements faciaux. Son pénis en érection est en partie cassé.
La statue date du Xème siècle de notre ère et indique que les
Mayas associaient l'hypoxie à la sexualité. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Par ailleurs <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ils</span></span> croyaient que
les âmes de ceux qui se pendent eux-mêmes allaient directement
rejoindre Ixtab, étonnante déesse des pendus représentée
agenouillée, une corde <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">entourant son</span> cou, les chevilles liées (<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C</span>odex de Dresde). </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMUUXvwH_DrT0mPQs2Zt8H5Ey3pJ5-OZgtFCksdUi5G__fq0vtai42KTSXKnfUSRgpZZ4zSSInVDwsavMqBi6aMztnn8syF_AmmTEh9gqOmfNlxodMs-4Q_sdzzqk_Km3AcrBVLmwuhurD/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+03.09.03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMUUXvwH_DrT0mPQs2Zt8H5Ey3pJ5-OZgtFCksdUi5G__fq0vtai42KTSXKnfUSRgpZZ4zSSInVDwsavMqBi6aMztnn8syF_AmmTEh9gqOmfNlxodMs-4Q_sdzzqk_Km3AcrBVLmwuhurD/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+03.09.03.png" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>L'adolescent de Cumpich</i>, ici exposé au Musée du Quai de Branly</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le psychiatre Harvey
Resnick, qui décrit la suffocation comme faisant partie des jeux des
enfants Shoshone-Bannock, Indiens du nord-ouest des EU, cite
plusieurs anthropologues ayant observé les strangulations sexuelles
des enfants Inuits à l'occasion des grands rassemblements tribaux
tandis que les adultes dansent et chantent (op. cit.). </span></span>Un missionnaire/explorateur – qui vécut de 1937 à 1949 chez les Krangmalit, des Eskim<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">os de l'Arctique central canadien –
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">De Coccola R et King P – <i>The Incredible Eskimo: Life Among the
BarrenLand Eskimo</i>, 1986</span></span></span>
</blockquote>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">est témoin d'un accident
: un garçon grand et mince de 12 ans avait grimpé sur un bloc de
neige fraîche pour placer sa tête dans l'anse d'une lanière fixée
au sommet de l'igloo. Il avait les mains liées. Ses pieds tassaient
la neige pour serrer lentement mais sûrement le lien de cuir autour
de son cou tandis qu'un jeune spectateur manipulait ses organes
génitaux. L'annonce soudaine de l'arrivée d'un traîneau attira les
enfants au dehors tandis que la neige, en train de fondre,
s'affaissait lentement sous les pieds d'Attiguyok.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><style><!--
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Il n'y a aucune preuve suggérant que la
compression des carotides, qui suscite une hypoxie cérébrale et cause une
hypercapnie relative, pourrait produire autre chose qu'une sensation
d'étourdissement et peut-être une sensation de fourmillement dans les
extrémités. Il n'y a aucune preuve que la pendaison puisse produire une
érection ou une excitation sexuelle. Il est malheureux que cette pratique
continue et se solde par des morts tragiques</i>, répondit le psychiatre
Barry D. Garfinkel à une consoeur étonnée des pratiques </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">des enfants Inuits. In Journal of Amer Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry : Jan 1989 - Vol 28-1 - pp 137-138</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Directeur de l'institut
de médecine légale de Vienne, Leopold Breitenecker (1902-1981),
observe aussi que les Inuits et les peuples du Sud-est asiatique ont
en commun la pression sur le cou au cours de l'activité sexuelle et
qu'il y a un danger de mort si l'un des partenair</span></span>es a une hypersensibilité
du sinus carotidien. Cette pratique, selon lui, aurait été importée
en Europe et en Afrique par la légion étrangère française qui
avait séjourné en Indochine. </span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Curiosités de l'histoire forensique </span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Le pathologiste et écrivain à ses heures William B. Ober, amateur
de puzzles médicaux, d'étrangetés et de fonds de bibliothèque
empoussiérés, raconte deux histoires d'hypoxiphilie probable. </div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI7IbdZCnnEz3ecUn9kKwR3I-gFYWu4WPqiFxpOnmJaGZvgAd7v8byfOVNkOXrwhXcMo6BCJtTB3wVsF7d6eT2Elvcz5jGsbzs6K36vp_HZzveUX0ABUOMCdI8_gwFlEeerlnUQd5EmI9K/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+03.20.56.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI7IbdZCnnEz3ecUn9kKwR3I-gFYWu4WPqiFxpOnmJaGZvgAd7v8byfOVNkOXrwhXcMo6BCJtTB3wVsF7d6eT2Elvcz5jGsbzs6K36vp_HZzveUX0ABUOMCdI8_gwFlEeerlnUQd5EmI9K/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+03.20.56.png" width="155" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pierre Antoine Motteux</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Dans
la première <a href="http://faintlark.blogspot.pt/2014/11/histoires-de-suspension-sans-suspense-3.html">Pierre Antoine Motteux</a>, huguenot émigré à Londres à
la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes et écrivain, était marié et
avait trois enfants lorsqu'il mourut en de mystérieuses
circonstances en 1718 le jour de son 55è anniversaire.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Bien qu'il ait
publié le premier magazine pour gentlemen, initiative qui lui valut plus de popularité que d'argent, c'est à deux traductions qu'il doit d'être entré dans
l'histoire : Il acheva en effet et publia la traduction de Rabelais entreprise
par l'Ecossais Urquarth et traduisit le Don Quichotte de Cervantes.</span></span></span> </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Parti
acquérir des billets pour un bal, il fit affaire, selon des témoins,
avec une certaine Mary Roberts mais, curieusement, il la laissa dans un
fiacre pendant deux heures, temps qu'il passa dans une maison de
dégustation de chocolat. Appréhendait-il ce qui allait suivre ? Lui
fallait-il se donner quelque courage ? Un voisin le vit entrer dans
une maison de passe avec sa compagne et se réchauffer devant une
cheminée. Il n'avait pas l'air malade. Peu après minuit un
apothicaire fut appelé qui, fâché d'avoir été sorti du lit, se
limita à constater la mort. Le lendemain matin une servante remarqua
un sillon bleuâtre autour du cou de Motteux. Une enquête eut lieu,
un verdict d'homicide volontaire fut émis, la tenancière et ses
comparses (un proxénète et des prostituées) furent accusés. Mais
Mary Roberts prétendit que Motteux était malade et les hommes
argumentèrent qu'ils l'avaient emporté inconscient dans la maison.
Ce discours, que démentait cependant maints témoignages, fut
suffisant pour les acquitter. Le biographe de Motteux découvrit une
annotation sans date ni signature indiquant que celui-ci avait été
strangulé à des fins sexuelles et que les prostituées avaient
oublié de couper la corde. </div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Cette histoire ne serait qu'une anecdote
douteuse si une autre affaire de strangulation sexuelle n'était
venue, soixante-dix ans plus tard, à Londres encore, lui conférer
quelque vraisemblance. </div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Le compositeur tchèque Franz Kotzwara,</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Compositeur
(connu notamment pour ses compositions "à la manière de") et
interprète (en particulier contrebassiste) il fut l'élève de Jean-Chrétien Bach
et était alors âgé de 40 ans.</span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
dîna
dans une maison malfamée en compagnie d'une prostituée, Susannah
Hill, à qui, après quelques activités décrites comme indécentes,
il demanda de lui couper les organes génitaux. Elle refusa, mais
accepta de l'assister dans une expérience de strangulation. Elle
passa une corde autour du cou de Kotzwara ; celui-ci l'attacha à la
poignée d'une porte puis plia lentement les genoux. Cinq minutes
plus tard, quand la corde fut coupée comme prévu, Franz s'affaissa. Un chirurgien essaya de le saigner, bien qu'il fut bel
et bien mort. Susannah Hill fut arrêtée pour meurtre, mais
acquittée, peut-être parce que le juge ne mit pas en doute un
témoignage aussi extraordinaire. Toute trace du procès fut détruite
afin d'éviter un scandale public.</div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Toutefois,
comme de bien entendu, une copie secrète fut conservée, qui se trouve à la
bibliothèque de médecine de Boston. Les précautions n'empêchèrent pas l'affaire
de s'ébruiter. Un an plus tard parut une brochure anonyme intitulée
"Propensions modernes, un essai sur l'art de la strangulation" –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>46 pages, dont les 29 premières s'interrogent
sur les effets putatifs de la pendaison sur la physiologie et les 7 dernières
concernent le jugement de Susannah Hill.</span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Plus tard on suggéra de baptiser comme "Kotzwara" la suspension à fin sexuelle, en vain, peut-être parce que
cette activité, en France, était en train d'acquérir ses lettres
d'infamie, si l'on peut dire.<br />
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzE-sCIintMtQjkzxC57DHKnuT9lw6mr6gf7irjDltP_CcUianeVqaVveVDleJ3CqmgsQG0nMsFwwqsZ1Ir34h_HvasHZeKolYPJXn2Lqb2TylFHaZmgxHq6Hgx2CY2GAKyKnHEd1gmmyF/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+03.27.15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzE-sCIintMtQjkzxC57DHKnuT9lw6mr6gf7irjDltP_CcUianeVqaVveVDleJ3CqmgsQG0nMsFwwqsZ1Ir34h_HvasHZeKolYPJXn2Lqb2TylFHaZmgxHq6Hgx2CY2GAKyKnHEd1gmmyF/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+03.27.15.png" width="188" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Franz Kozwara</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Que nous apprend la
littérature ? </span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Quelques mois avant la mort de Franz Kotzwara, le
marquis de Sade, que la révolution avait arraché à Charenton,
avait publié la seconde version des "Infortunes de la vertu"
dont un épisode prétend établir le mythe de l'érection du pendu.
Le chef de bande Roland sait que tôt ou tard il sera pris et que son
destin alors sera la potence. Il s'agit donc de contourner la menace
en apprenant à en tirer du plaisir. Aussi demande-t-il à Thérèse
de l'aider à découvrir les sensations de la pendaison : <i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">U</span>ne
fois persuadé que cette mort n’est qu’un jeu</i>, dit-il, <i>je la
braverai bien plus courageusement, car ce n’est pas la cessation de
mon existence qui m’effraie mais... je ne voudrais pas souffrir en
mourant</i>. Thérèse est donc chargée de nouer la corde, de
retirer le tabouret et de détacher Roland sur le champ en cas de
signe de douleur. Ainsi est fait, Thérèse, ébahie, décrit le
plaisir qui se peint sur le visage de Roland et les <i>jets de
semence</i> qui <i>s'élancèrent à la voûte</i>. Roland
tombe évanoui, Thérèse à force de soins lui fait reprendre ses
sens, et Roland en ouvrant les yeux déclare <i>Ah Thérèse on ne
se figure point ces sensations, elles sont au-dessus de tout ce qu'on
peut dire, qu'on fasse maintenant de moi ce que l'on voudra</i>.
Subversion de la morale et triomphe absolu du vice : le châtiment
octroyé par la vertu n'est finalement que le plus grand des plaisirs. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Une autre
pendaison érotique est décrite dans le très populaire "Gamiani ou deux
nuits d'excès" attribué à Alfred de Musset et paru en 1833.</span></span> </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Louis Ulbach, romancier et journaliste à la verve mordante,
<a href="http://faintlark.blogspot.pt/2014/11/histoires-de-suspension-sans-suspense.html">raconte</a> comment un médecin anglais avait obtenu l'autorisation de
faire transporter dans son laboratoire les corps encore chauds des
suppliciés à des fins expérimentales (<i>Le Progrès Illustré</i> 1891). Un jour, après avoir
ouvert le muscle sterno-claviculaire, il fut interrompu par une
demande de consultation. L'air qui s'était introduit par </span>l'ouverture
fit tressaillir le pendu qui revint à lui. Quand le docteur rentra
dans le cabinet, son sujet d'observation s'employa à aiguiser sa
curiosité afin de le convaincre de ne point le livrer. Il avait de
curieuses révélations à faire : la pendaison était <i>l'ivresse
du ciel avec des tiraillements infernaux</i>. Le docteur médita
quelques minutes et déclara au pendu que leur fortune était
assurée. Telle serait l'origine d'un lieu, historique ou mythique, à
l'usage des gens blasés : le "Club des pendus" londonien. <i>On les accrochait pendant quelque temps et, grâce sans doute à
une forte congestion, ils goûtaient une émotion délicieuse tandis
que le docteur comptait exactement les minutes et les pulsations afin
qu'au moment précis où le danger de mort commençait, l'ancien
pendu puisse couper la corde permettant au client de revenir à la
réalité</i>.</span><style><!--
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'histoire ne
s'arrête pas là. Louis Ulbach conclut sa chronique par une allusion au prince
de Condé dont la mort mystérieuse fit couler beaucoup d'encre. Il est sans
doute le premier à l'avoir qualifiée, pudiquement, de "mort à la suite
d'un innocent essai de plaisir" par manque de décrochement.</span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">William Burroughs fait de la muse de la
strangulation, la déesse Ixtab des Mayas, une figure de roman (<i>Villes de la nuit
rouge</i>, 1981),
sans
que du reste la déesse n'étende son patronage au sexe faible. Pure
ode à la fascination érotique exercée par la mort par pendaison,
l'éternelle histoire (cf. "Le festin nu") est racontée
de diverses manières. Parfois la scène se situe sur un bateau
pirate, parfois un détective enquête sur la pendaison et la
décapitation de jeunes victimes extrêmement séduisantes. Parfois
dans un récit de science fiction les âmes transmigrent dans une
utopie de strangulation : <i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A</span>vec le temps</i>, écrit Burroughs, l<i>a
mort naturelle devint un événement rare et assez discrédité</i>.
On se souvient de la description dantesque que fait Joyce de la
violente érection qui suit la pendaison de Croppy Boy, le rebelle
irlandais, les femmes se précipitant pour éponger avec leurs
mouchoirs. Bloom explique <i>scientifiquement</i> pourquoi l'exécution par pendaison suscite une érection sexuelle (<i>Ulysse</i>, 1922)</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Herman Melville décrit une pendaison érotisée dans
Billy Budd (1891), pour n</span></span>e rien dire de
Vladimir et Estragon se questionnant sur les manières d'étancher
leur ennui en attendant Godot et décidant de se pendre <i>pour
avoir une érection</i> (Samuel Beckett, 1952).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLsTd8S77HtpiLyAFMZmOpxkpeAySulO6GMPm6fOJEdC5JUmDlWo5ziys7IGtbDA3ILHqXJb5lOsZdX6uuH8yZfVeMJhhAlqCQABe_bUf5Zk-ETlSJPrHS-XIcEXqKFxAMFTmfjopOhyP/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+03.39.59.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLsTd8S77HtpiLyAFMZmOpxkpeAySulO6GMPm6fOJEdC5JUmDlWo5ziys7IGtbDA3ILHqXJb5lOsZdX6uuH8yZfVeMJhhAlqCQABe_bUf5Zk-ETlSJPrHS-XIcEXqKFxAMFTmfjopOhyP/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+03.39.59.png" width="195" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mise en scène de Roger Blin (1953)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Qu'ont à dire les mythes
?
</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Nous sommes au 4è
millénaire avant notre ère et à Sumer. Innana, la déesse de
l'amour (Eros), l'Ishtar des Assyriens et des Babyloniens, l'Isis
des Égyptiens, l'Astarté qui régit la vie et la mort, archétype
peut-être d'Aphrodite/Vénus, entreprend une étrange descente vers
le monde des morts dont elle franchit les sept portes en ôtant une à
une ses parures. Une fois nue, Innana, dont l'aspect est
hermaphrodite, est mise à mort, pendue à un crochet. Deux êtres
trans-sexuels, ni masculins ni féminins, la ramèneront à la vie. </div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
Cet épisode
d'épreuves et de désagrégation afin d'obtenir un savoir
transformateur ou capable de transformer le monde n'est pas sans
préfigurer les épreuves auxquelles se soumet le nordique Odin </div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Odin, qui
domine les dieux, c'est le Wotan de l'Anneau du Nibelung, le Wodan anglais qui
a donné <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">W</span>ednesday, comme du reste Freia a donné Friday, notre vendredi, jour de
Vénus et chez les Grecs jour d'Aphrodite. </span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
qui
se pend à un arbre, par le pied donc la tête en bas, pendant 9
jours et 9 nuits sans boire ni manger afin d'interpréter ces
mystérieuses inscriptions de la saga scandinave, les runes. Cette
manière inversée de se pendre, que l'on retrouve du reste sur la
carte du pendu dans le tarot, suggère que l'on pourrait tout aussi
bien voir le monde à l'envers et que les choses ne sont peut-être
pas ce qu'elles semblent être. Odin s'était auparavant arraché l’œil droit, geste de renoncement à la lumière, à la vue
matérielle, pour s'abreuver à la fontaine de la sagesse universelle
et de la connaissance infinie et avait planté sa lance dans son
flanc, mort initiatique qui l'apparente singulièrement aux shamans.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI0L-VDmHsGKAneLv23TTSQXGYtJFBlYPxO7r2PS9ZxLbgnErCYuwUmSp2lVhdTicUbjBQ6apVpMOYnCMNBBvdGjoHDAmaRtKHQEXWY2nuuIJZTxA_MMRtGPEJSsfm6GSe_X3OBgtoAAwJ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+16.29.36.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI0L-VDmHsGKAneLv23TTSQXGYtJFBlYPxO7r2PS9ZxLbgnErCYuwUmSp2lVhdTicUbjBQ6apVpMOYnCMNBBvdGjoHDAmaRtKHQEXWY2nuuIJZTxA_MMRtGPEJSsfm6GSe_X3OBgtoAAwJ/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+16.29.36.png" width="106" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSD03zyU8m3SrfUgAkG8Ak5UKrYKFwYC2uZwIzlmPpr5sWOv3n5pBZZ3CeSkVtkdHLsq1UmWlUnPhax5DympBpzrmBzEVi1NfDuNUA77tAvaKuECp7UyADLoagKz4NNegs0aDM6pmyFUbR/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+16.29.15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSD03zyU8m3SrfUgAkG8Ak5UKrYKFwYC2uZwIzlmPpr5sWOv3n5pBZZ3CeSkVtkdHLsq1UmWlUnPhax5DympBpzrmBzEVi1NfDuNUA77tAvaKuECp7UyADLoagKz4NNegs0aDM6pmyFUbR/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+16.29.15.png" width="110" /></a></div>
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
Le mythe de la mandragore, qui a inspiré les romantiques allemands,
habite la figure centrale du roman gothique de Hanns Heinz Ewers,
sorte de version féminine du mythe de Prométhée
(Alraune - <i>Die Geschichte eines lebenden Wesens</i>, "l'histoire d'un être vivant", 1911).<style>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
Ainsi procèdent
les mythes, ils se nourrissent les uns des autres et s'agrègent
autour d'une matrice généralement associée à une idée du temps
cyclique, à la destruction comme instrument de renaissance, au
désordre comme facteur de recommencement. Aussi belle que la
créature de Frankenstein est hideuse, Alraune est procréée sans
acte sexuel, par un savant-fou qu'inspire la légende de la
mandragore : issue d'une prostituée représentant la terre
ensemencée par un forban pendu, tissée de part en part de duplicité,
androgyne, équivoque, créature à la fois vénéneuse et innocente,
elle prospère dans un monde décadent. L'impossibilité de l'amour,
la découverte de son engendrement la feront finalement se retourner
contre son créateur.
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dès la Genèse
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Selon la légende, telle
que la rapporte Flavius Josèphe (environ 37-environ 100, <i>
</i><i>La guerre des Juifs</i>, livre VII), il est
périlleux de cueillir la mandragore. Or celle-ci est dotée de mille
vertus. Aussi y attache-t-on une corde dont l'autre extrémité est
passée autour du cou d'un chien. Lorsque le chien s’élance pour
suivre celui qui l’a attaché, la racine est facilement extraite ;
mais le chien meurt aussitôt, comme s'il payait de sa vie celle de
celui qui désirait la plante.
Il est probable que cette plante
étonnante est celle dont Ruben, premier né de Jacob, cueille les
fruits qu'il apporte à Léa, sa mère. Rachel, épouse chérie mais
stérile, demande ces pommes de mandragore aux qualités
aphrodisiaques.</span></span><style>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Genèse 30, 14-15, duda'im.
Le mot hébreu pour mandragore est formé
sur la même racine que le mot "amour".
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En échange Lea dormira avec Jacob cette nuit-là.
Dans le bestiaire d'Aberdeen, c'est de la mandragore que provient le
fruit, aiguiseur d'intelligence, offert par Ève au premier homme :
"Alors elle devint enceinte, et c’est pour cette raison qu’ils
quittèrent le Paradis". Selon les cabalistes, Adam, séparé d'Ève, aurait
engendré la première mandragore au cours d'un rêve érotique, idée reprise par
maintes légendes talmudiques qui développent le thème des "étincelles de
hasard". Ainsi sont nommées les gouttes de sperme répandues
involontairement, d'où naissent des esprits informes.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sens et sensations </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Prenons-nous suffisamment en compte le besoin irrépressible que l'homme
ressent d’échapper à l’ordinaire d'un quotidien dont il perçoit la routine
comme une forme d'aliénation ? Comment sommes-nous en train d'évoluer ? Nos
sociétés hyper-modernes ne cessent de surenchérir sur les techniques, les
substances euphorisantes, les fantasmes dispensés par une foison d'images. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Allons-nous vers plus de sens ou vers un afflux de sensations ? Trop de sensations pourraient-elles tuer la sensation ? </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">L'éthique toutefois risquerait d'être violente dès lors qu<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">e, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">pour formuler des prescriptions universelles<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span></span></span></span>elle
s'arrogerait le droit de dépasser le contexte singulier dans lequel se trouve
placée chaque <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">existence.</span> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Go, go, go, said the bird: human
kind</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Cannot bear very much reality<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Time past and time future</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>What might have been and what
has been</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Point to one end, which is
always present.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 240.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.7pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">T.S. Eliot –</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span>Burnt
Norton</i></div>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-70665410993100551542016-12-12T18:22:00.003-08:002016-12-22T15:43:38.547-08:00Mythes, rites et réalité de l'hypoxie (1)<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hypoxie, euphorie et érotisme :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> mythe,
rite et réalité</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Communication <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">destinée au</span> Premier Colloque International "Jeu du foulard et autres jeux d'évanouissement - pratiques, conséquences et prévention", organisé par l'APEAS, <span style="color: white; font-weight: 800;"></span></i><i><span style="color: white; font-weight: 500;"></span>Ministère de la Santé, Paris - 3 et 4 décembre 2009 </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Le temps étant co<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">mpté et <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">le colloque ayant pris du retard, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">l'</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">intervention s'est <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">limitée </span>à<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">q<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">uelques poi<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">nts, évidemment décousus</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ce texte est donc in<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">édit, c'est un autre, plus court mais aussi </span></span>sur l'hypoxiphilie, qui a été inclus dans les <a href="http://jeudufoulard.com/publication-des-actes-du-colloque-international-apeas-2009/">Actes du Colloque</a>.</span></span></span></span></span> </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP6uYCA8LfNh6s9k6OkdX1YTWsE27zOuj-j1qUqtGWibu1VEgzW4qYTaFQhQuVrzS5JZvxuvllFGwPQ80On09MCMYnhnT2BFSoynauCXt305mb-teOW7mkgdsUuHsbWo_cboksnPM9VQ_-/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+01.41.18.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP6uYCA8LfNh6s9k6OkdX1YTWsE27zOuj-j1qUqtGWibu1VEgzW4qYTaFQhQuVrzS5JZvxuvllFGwPQ80On09MCMYnhnT2BFSoynauCXt305mb-teOW7mkgdsUuHsbWo_cboksnPM9VQ_-/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+01.41.18.png" width="200" /></a></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nord de l'Europe à l'Âge du fer</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Au printemps 1950, près de Tollund au Danemark, deux frères
découvrirent dans une tourbière le corps d'un homme d'une trentaine d'années.
Il était en si parfait état qu'ils appelèrent la police. Pourtant l'homme,
exceptionnellement conservé grâce à
l'acide humique (il fonctionne comme un tanin), était mort depuis
presque 2500 ans. La raison de sa mort apparut d'emblée évidente car il portait
encore autour du cou la corde qui avait servi à l'étrangler. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>L’homme de Lindow, trouvé à côté de Liverpool (1984) a aussi une corde autour du cou.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les yeux et la bouche de l'homme de Tollund sont fermés, ses traits
sont détendus, il a l'air de dormir. Il est dans une position semi-<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">fœtale</span>. Il n'a pas les mains
d'un travailleur manuel et l'état de ses pieds nus montre qu'il lui est arrivé
de se chausser. Il porte une sorte de calotte pointue en peau de mouton
attachée sous le menton par deux lanières de cuir de manière assez lâche pour
permettre à la calotte de glisser facilement sur le cou. Une des extrémités de
la ceinture de cuir qui entoure ses hanches passe par une fente ouverte dans
l'autre extrémité avant de former une boucle facile à défaire. L'homme n'a rien
d'autre sur le corps, rien en tout cas que le temps ait préservé, hormis la corde
de cuir tressé autour de son cou. Elle a laissé un sillon visible sur la peau,
la nuque n'est pas marquée, c'est là qu'était
le <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">nœud</span>. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le contenu des viscères révéla que l'homme de Tollund, pour son dernier
repas, avait absorbé une trentaine de plantes ou de graines différentes, rien
que des végétaux. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Comment était mort cet homme ? Pourquoi a-t-il été enseveli nu ? </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Exécution, assassinat ou sacrifice rituel ?</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La première hypothèse est peu probable car le pendu n'a visiblement pas
été traité comme un criminel. On lui a fermé les yeux et la bouche, on l'a
couché dans la fosse de tourbe. Ces soins sont-ils l'indice d'un sacrifice
rituel, peut-être au dieu de la tourbière pourvoyeur de combustible ? </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tacite mentionne – quatre ou cinq siècles plus tard il est vrai – l'existence de sacrifices humains aux dieux
jumeaux Froh et Freia qui incarnent la fécondité et l'éternelle jouvence dans
la mythologie scandinave et que nous connaissons surtout grâce à <i>l'Anneau du Nibelung</i> de Richard Wagner. Mais
Tacite remarque aussi que les Germains goûtent si fortement les jeux de hasard
qu'après avoir joué tou<i>s</i> leurs biens, ils finissent par se jouer eux-mêmes.
L'homme de Tollund s'est-il offert lui-même en sacrifice ?</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La présence de ce corps dans la tourbière est inattendue : on sait que
les sociétés du début de l'Âge du fer incinéraient leurs morts. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'idée que les dieux ne se satisfaisaient pas des restes calcinés des
victimes sacrificielles n'est peut-être pas purement spéculative, car à moins
de 100m de là, douze ans plus tôt, un fermier avait trouvé en bêchant le corps
d'une femme que l'on baptisa Elling et qui avait elle aussi un lien de cuir
autour du cou. La face antérieure était en trop piteux état pour déterminer, à
la fin des années 30, à quelle époque Elling avait vécu, une centaine d'années
après l'homme de Tollund. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cette jeune femme d'une vingtaine d'années porte une ceinture de laine
tissée autour de la taille, sa coiffure est remarquable : une très longue tresse part du haut de la
tête et s'enroule plusieurs fois pour former des boucles. Son corps est couvert
d'une cape de cuir et une peau de vache enveloppe ses jambes. Le sillon qu'a
tracé la corde est visible sur la peau du cou. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">En 2002 l'homme de Tollund et Elling ont été intensément examinés par
toutes sortes de savants. Les images fournies par les appareils de haute
technologie montrent que l'homme de Tollund n'a pas été d'abord étranglé. Il
était donc vivant quand la corde a été attachée autour de son cou, les
vertèbres cervicales sont intactes. L'hypothèse que sa propre main ait noué la
corde, avec ou sans intention de mettre fin à ses jours, n'a, semble-t-il, même
pas été envisagée.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQLbYrx4cQnDEocMLKjT4BBIYMfevKjYWezsDeY-us53-fI0aflOvFtq9wjQzNPy3MfXjWmKEx33v01uBM5zeTTdCJPN36S2wmM0NTdkTaOpvJ5fdaYCAW85CsaNpqp0wpevCb02G0ONII/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+01.58.18.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQLbYrx4cQnDEocMLKjT4BBIYMfevKjYWezsDeY-us53-fI0aflOvFtq9wjQzNPy3MfXjWmKEx33v01uBM5zeTTdCJPN36S2wmM0NTdkTaOpvJ5fdaYCAW85CsaNpqp0wpevCb02G0ONII/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+01.58.18.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Premières interrogations de la médecine légale </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">À Vienne, au début du XIXè, le professeur de médecine légale Joseph Bernt
(1770-1842) s'intéresse au cas étrange d'un homme trouvé pendu et nu, les mains
et les organes génitaux liés. Il interprète cette mort comme un suicide
attribué à une perturbation mentale. Il faudra attendre un siècle pour qu'un
autre expert, Ernst Ziemke (1867–1935), décrive ce type de décès comme accidentel, dû à la strangulation
auto-infligée en vue d'induire ou d'intensifier une excitation sexuelle.
Quelques années plus tard le docteur André Jean Gros choisit la pendaison pour
sujet de thèse. Bien qu'il reconnaisse ne pas avoir trouvé d'observation
explicite, en matière de pendaison pratiquée dans un but érotique, il en
suppose l'existence. Voici ce qu'il écrit :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Un sujet désirant ardemment
éprouver des sensations voluptueuses se pend après avoir pris
toutes les précautions pour cesser cette pendaison dès qu'il les
aura éprouvées, il est surpris par la perte de connaissance et est
incapable de se sauver seul lorsqu'il comprend trop tard qu'il est en
danger... </i><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">"La pendaison accidentelle",
Paris 1935</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">citation qui résume bien le comportement
hypoxiphile, quoique le sujet n'ait probablement même pas le temps de
"comprendre trop tard qu'il est en danger". La perte de conscience
est totale : pas question de se relever si les pieds touchent le sol, ni de
couper la corde si on est suspendu. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Remarquons que la question n'est pas posée de ce qui, dans la
pendaison, pourrait susciter des sensations "voluptueuses".
L'euphorie n'est pas non plus associée à la diminution de l'oxygénation du
cerveau. Aujourd'hui il n'en est plus ainsi et les <i>modus operandi</i> foisonnent,
tout vecteur de prédilection que soit la suspension : suffocation obtenue en
s'entourant la tête d'un sac en plastique, strangulation avec un lien,
inhalation de nitrites volatiles (<i>poppers</i>) ou de gaz
hilarant, compression du sternum ou de l'abdomen ou encore toute combinaison de
ces techniques - </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">À lire la presse à propos de la
récente et embarrassante mort de l'acteur David Carradine, on se prend à penser
que les médias en disent trop ou trop peu. D'un côté au mépris singulier de la
vie privée est décrite une pendaison atypique et de l'autre, comme si de rien
n'était, les journaux se font l'écho des dangers de ce qu'ils ont pris
l'habitude d'appeler le "jeu du foulard". Que va croire le public
finalement ? La strangulation est-elle ce que les enfants appellent un jeu ou
est-elle une sorte de fétiche sexuel ? </span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">À quoi ressemblent les
hypoxiphiles ?</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On aimerait bien s'en faire une
représentation, ne serait-ce que pour un
certain confort mental. Malheureusement aucun profil caractéristique ne s'impose
: les deux genres sont concernés, l'hypoxiphilie est attestée, de manière plus
ou moins allusive, dans des cultures très différentes et <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">se perd dans</span> a nuit des temps, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">autrement dit existe</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> depuis toujours</span></span>. Le découverte, fortuite ou sur incitation, se situe
généralement dans la pré-adolescence (mais peut se produire plus tôt) et
n'aurait pas de dimension
sexuelle, en tout cas consciente. Le jeune se limite en général à
une première expérience en groupe, consentie le plus souvent pour
plaire à ses pairs. Certains vont plus loin, et seuls, dans
l'exploration de leur personne et il semble évident que tôt ou
tard, avec l'éveil de la sexualité et la métamorphose que subit
leur corps, la <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">connexion</span> avec l'érotisme s'opèrera inévitablement.
Dans la plupart des cas à la sensorialité hypoxique se substituera
une sexualité active, celle que l'on qualifie de "normale".
D'autres pourraient ne pas renoncer à la première et, à en juger
par l'âge de certaines victimes, ne plus les dissocier, tout du
moins dans l'intimité de leur jardin secret. </span></span><style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'hypoxiphilie
s'inscrit en général dans un rituel complexe où certains auteurs
voient une actualisation de l'équation corps-phallus. </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewin, BD –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>"The Body as Phallus" in <i>The Psychoanalytic Quarterly</i>,
2:24-47, 1933.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bunker HA – " Body as Phallus: A Clinico-Etymological
Note" in <i>Psychoanalytic Quarterly </i>12 : 476-480, 1943</span> </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Un certain
éonisme ou <i>transvestisme</i> est souvent associé à la strangulation :
faut-il y voir une appropriation de l'image de la femme désirée
mais inaccessible, autrement dit la mère ? Le bébé nourri au sein
associerait d'emblée suffocation et bien-être (accompagné d'un
réflexe gastro-urétral qui se traduirait en érection), comme la
douleur respiratoire induite par ses pleurs serait indéfectiblement
liée au bonheur de voir apparaître sa mère. La seconde séparation,
celle de l'adolescence, réactiverait la première : le "suffoquer
un peu pour survivre" du nourrisson deviendrait le "suffoquer
un peu pour devenir sexuel" de l'adolescent.</span></span> </div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Resnik HLP – "Erotized repetitive
hangings: a form of self-destructive behavior" in <i>American Journal
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Psychotherapy, </i>vol. 26, 1,
1972, pp 4-21</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pour d'autres, en
"survivant" au rituel, à la mort théâtrale, l'individu
émerge, peu à peu, comme sexuellement gratifié et physiquement
intact avec un sentiment de soulagement, de triomphe et de
mépris/ressentiment vis-à-vis d'une figure féminine impérieuse et
indifférente : "vous pensez que je suis mort pour vous, mais en
fait je vous ai tuée".</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sterba R<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– On
spiders, hanging and oral sadism in <i>Am Imago</i>. 1950 Mar; 7(1):21-8.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les rituels, toutefois, sont loin
d'être immuables et il semble que les mises-en-scène évoluent
généralement dans le sens d'une plus grande élaboration. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF8PvUJDkK76nTfOV9zIIHV3cHQXUUkFE9AWR8wfQSpZY3qJ2QNH2aXvFvNSnvuCnSC2TiNPD-IAzixjf1qiwseOVO40pu0od_JS00Ms5jE6W24TwCeJlZ50TiX60AN5hrlb7CF2fl0fE2/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+02.05.57.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF8PvUJDkK76nTfOV9zIIHV3cHQXUUkFE9AWR8wfQSpZY3qJ2QNH2aXvFvNSnvuCnSC2TiNPD-IAzixjf1qiwseOVO40pu0od_JS00Ms5jE6W24TwCeJlZ50TiX60AN5hrlb7CF2fl0fE2/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+02.05.57.png" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><br />L'hypoxiphilie est-elle un syndrome ? </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bien que l'hypoxiphilie, devenue entité clinique en
1952, ait reçu la dénomination scientifique de "asphyxie
sexuelle" en 1968, aucun terme ne s'impose vraiment, comme si ce
qu'il désigne était trop dérangeant pour entrer dans la réalité
quotidienne. La tendance, par ailleurs, est d'en faire une
perversion liée au sado-masochisme, bien qu'il ne s'agisse guère
que de diminuer l'apport d'oxygène au cerveau tout en étant engagé
dans une activité sexuelle egocentrée ou une production débridée
de fantasmes.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Le Manuel de diagnostic et statistique des
troubles mentaux (DSM), dans sa 4è édition (1994), classe ce syndrome clinique
comme une paraphilie. </span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Comment le manque d'oxygène, qui fait souffrir nos
cellules nerveuses si gourmandes et si dépendantes de l'air
environnant puisqu'elles n'ont aucun dispositif de stockage, pourquoi
ce défaut d'oxygène suscite-t-il une telle sensation de bien-être
(c'est finalement l'étymologie du mot "euphorie") ? Se
pourrait-il que l'exaltation soit liée au flux de glutamates que
libèrent les cellules nerveuses mourantes ? Si l'on en croit ceux
qui ont ajouté l'excitation sexuelle à l'euphorie hypoxique, cette
combinaison est sensoriellement plus intense que la somme de ses
parties. </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On ne sait presque rien de sûr en fait d'étiologie ou sur
la manière dont des individus largement dispersés géographiquement
apprennent cette pratique (incident, imitation, suggestion ?), mais
l'on sait que certains "amateurs" manifestent très tôt
une grande prédilection pour les liens en général.
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>
<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style>
</b></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Combien s'engagent dans
cette expérience sensorielle ? </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le halo de secret entourant les
pratiques d'hypoxiphilie compromet incontournablement les tentatives
d'établir des statistiques.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le ratio entre
victimes mâles et femelles est de 50 pour 1, mais les femmes pourraient être
plus prudentes. On estime entre 250 et 1200 le nombre annuel de décès aux
États-Unis, c'est dire comme ces chiffres sont imprécis. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></blockquote>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On ne peut même pas penser à se
fonder sur les certificats de décès car la plupart du temps les
équipes de secours pénètrent dans un lieu aseptisé. La famille ou
les proches, on le comprend, s'emploient à effacer les traces de ce
qui est arrivé. Il y en a qui préfèrent que l'on pense que leur
enfant était suicidaire plutôt que sexuellement aventureux, que
leur conjoint est mort volontairement de mal de vivre plutôt qu'en
quête de plaisir, accidentellement. Il arrive ainsi que la famille,
bouleversée par la nature indescriptible de la mort, fasse pression
sur les autorités pour que le décès soit enregistré comme
suicide, somme toute une mort "normale".
Comment évaluer
en outre le nombre de cas où tout se passe bien ? Famille, proches
n'en ont pas la moindre idée et les médecins, pour la plupart, ne
connaissent pas ou mal l'hypoxiphilie, ne sont pas habitués ou ne
pensent pas à en déceler les signes.
</span></span></div>
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<br />
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Quels risques, quelle
sécurité possible ? </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dans la littérature la mort est réputée
arriver généralement en raison d'une panne du dispositif de
sécurité. Le mécanisme est tel que la constriction est fonction de
l'état conscient. Par exemple, une corde est placée sur des poulies
et la main tient l'extrémité libre de sorte qu'en cas de perte de
connaissance la main lâche la corde et libère la tension. La
complexité de certains dispositifs va de pair avec la sophistication
du rituel. La solution du partenaire est très peu adoptée, le tabou
a la vie dure. La présence d'un autre diminue sûrement le risque de
mort, surtout si l'autre a suivi des cours d'anatomie et de
réanimation. Mais dans l'état actuel du savoir médical l'imminence
d'un arrêt cardiaque n'est pas détectable ni la réanimation
toujours sûre. L'hypoxiphile risque fort, en mourant, de laisser son
partenaire, légalement, sinon dans de mauvais draps du moins dans
l'obligation de prouver son innocence. Pour ne rien dire des dégâts
affectifs.
Le risque est-il un facteur d'attraction ? Sans doute,
mais la plupart des hypoxiphiles se protègent le cou. C'est
d'ailleurs un des critères retenus par les médecins légistes pour
poser leur diagnostic.
À quel contrôle de la situation se fier si
le désir de désinhibition est irrésistible ? L'hypoxiphile
imagine-t-il seulement qu'un tiers, à son corps et son coeur
défendants, puisse devoir s'immiscer dans la sphère privée la plus
intime ? Qui ce tiers inquiet a-t-il des chances d'être ? Mère,
épouse, fils ?
</span></span></div>
<b>
</b><br />
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjto79OZJNJcejn6-a9bckQZ4kwbxlW0M13P9w7SrQp_H2tNx8j_eSzShI5q2lMb7w42KE5feGoqe2RV1W3CDUBVL1JwLw6CL3-2kfFlerksqo6U_v_r7FIUCDqT5jtRH2gBIV-Gz8Dt9mY/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+02.11.38.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjto79OZJNJcejn6-a9bckQZ4kwbxlW0M13P9w7SrQp_H2tNx8j_eSzShI5q2lMb7w42KE5feGoqe2RV1W3CDUBVL1JwLw6CL3-2kfFlerksqo6U_v_r7FIUCDqT5jtRH2gBIV-Gz8Dt9mY/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+02.11.38.png" width="285" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background: white;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Que nous apprend l'histoire de la médecine sur la légendaire érection
des pendus ?</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En
médecine comme ailleurs, parfois, il n'est pas de bon ton, sinon
politiquement incorrect, d'appeler un chat un chat. En témoignent
toutes sortes de prudences, comme l'absence de mot précis pour
désigner les pratiques d'hypoxyphilie. On parle de "scarfing"
– un dérivé de "scarf" (foulard) donc "foulardage"
–, d'asphyxiophilie, d'asphyxie auto-érotique, de strangulation
sexuelle, de respiration suffoquée (oxymore), de rétention du
souffle.
Le premier à s'interroger dans un écrit sur la question
de l'érection des pendus est Alexandre Brierre de Boismont
(1797-1881). </span></span>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Du suicide et
de la folie suicide considérés dans leurs rapports avec la statistique, la
médecine et la philosophie, Paris 1856</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il analyse 790 asphyxies par strangulation et
suspension (décrits du reste comme des suicides). Un homme sur dix
est trouvé en érection d'après les procès-verbaux, dans
deux cas elle n'est constatée que dix heures après la strangulation
et dans un autre elle persiste pendant cinq jours. Une éjaculation
étant observée en même temps qu'une évacuation de l'urine et des
matières fécales une fois sur sept, Boismont se demande si cette
disposition tient à un spasme ou à un relâchement des sphincters.
Il note que quelques pendus rappelés à la vie déclarent avoir vu
"comme un éclair leur passer devant les yeux" et avoir
senti leurs jambes d'une "pesanteur extrême". Aucun ne
fait allusion à l'état de ses organes génitaux et plusieurs
affirment avoir perdu à l'instant même tout sentiment de
l'existence.
Quelques années plus tard, le professeur Johann Ludwig
Casper (1796-1864) déclare sans état d'âme que </span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>plus il
observe de strangulés, plus il se convainc que cette thèse qui a
envahi la médecine légale et qui a été copiée d'un livre dans un
autre est contraire à l'expérience ... </i></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Practisches
Handbuch der gerichtlichen Medicin, Berlin 1871</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">traduit
"sous les yeux de l'auteur" par Gustave Germer Baillière<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Traité pratique de médecine légale
rédigé d'après des observations personnelles, Paris 1862</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>J'ai toujours examiné avec
soin l'état des parties génitales et n'ai jamais vu d'érection...
Parfois une demi-érection, mais c'est là un fait trop rare et trop
peu prononcé pour mériter la peine d'être noté... On pourrait
croire qu'il y a toujours érection si l'on trouvait toujours
éjaculation de sperme, ce qui n'arrive pas."</i></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Et Casper se moque de son
confrère Devergie qui
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>qualifie les taches de
sperme sur le linge des pendus comme très fréquentes, quoiqu'il
avoue n'avoir jamais vu, lui non plus, ni une érection ni une
demi-érection sur le cadavre". Et de mettre en doute la
fraîcheur des taches observées : "était-ce bien du sperme ?
</i></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>
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<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Érection réflexe ou
spontanée, sans caractère sexuel </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rapportant ses expériences sur le
contenu de l'urètre, Casper déclare avoir trouvé des
spermatozoïdes chez des hommes morts subitement, tués par armes à
feu, empoisonnés à l'acide prussique, noyés etc. et ironise <i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">O</span>n
ne peut pas admettre que tous ces hommes aient exercé le coït un
instant avant la mort !</i>. Quant au pendant féminin il
s'esclaffe <i>Quelle valeur peut avoir la présence d'humidité
dans le vagin!</i> et conclut catégoriquement que l'état des
organes génitaux n'est caractéristique ni de la pendaison ni de la
strangulation.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gabriel Tourdes (1810-1900) toutefois</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Traité de médecine légale
théorique et pratique, Paris 1896</span></span><style>
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">observe que, pendant
la période convulsive et par action réflexe, une érection et assez
souvent une éjaculation se produisent. La connaissance étant alors
absolument abolie, tout indique l'absence de sensation
voluptueuse. </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La psychanalyste Marie Bonaparte (1882-1962)
</span></span><style>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Edgar Allen Poe. Étude psychanalytique (avant-propos
de S. Freud),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paris 1933</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s'intéresse à la question des sensations voluptueuses associées à
l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a constriction du cou</span> et se demande pourquoi Edgar Poe, dans une nouvelle
intitulée <i>Loss of Breath</i> (perte d'haleine), soumet son
héros au supplice de la pendaison. Elle rappelle que la renommée de
ce châtiment est identique quels que soient les climats et les
temps et inscrit dans cet inconscient collectif l'origine du mythe de
la mandragore, racine à forme vaguement humaine censée pousser au
pied des gibets. Or le personnage de <i>Loss of Breath</i> est
impuissant car il a subi une multi-castration viscérale symbolique.
L'idée de la pendaison correspondrait, chez Poe, à une
protestation, à une "revanche de l'inconscient de Poe se
réattribuant le phallus" : <i>J'entendais mon coeur battre
avec violence, les veines de mes mains et de mes poignets gonflaient
presque à éclater ; mes tempes battaient en tempête et je sentais
que mes yeux sortaient de leurs orbites</i>, allusion inconsciente
à l'érection.
</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ553nvkcoTbvjIZvy7FVDXYxi1Iw2wdogOfa81BW4fe3N3OEwcCS2RGP7ZvmEViCJPPbnerYA293vMh1gqmoZ2Mlc4IZp2I06FnHZIZ36UxqRH7hOhX0DR4mXs3xr8z4vTlFTWpxKFVi6/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+02.21.35.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ553nvkcoTbvjIZvy7FVDXYxi1Iw2wdogOfa81BW4fe3N3OEwcCS2RGP7ZvmEViCJPPbnerYA293vMh1gqmoZ2Mlc4IZp2I06FnHZIZ36UxqRH7hOhX0DR4mXs3xr8z4vTlFTWpxKFVi6/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-13+at+02.21.35.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The protagonist in “A Loss of Breath” lost the ability to breathe (yet
somehow stayed alive and could talk) after throttling his wife and
yelling at her, and ended up hanged and then eviscerated. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>La suite <a href="http://faintlark.blogspot.pt/2016/12/mythes-rites-et-realite-de-lhypoxie-2.html">ici</a> </i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>
<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; procès-verbaux, dans
deux cas elle n'est constatée que dix heures après la strangulation
et dans un autre elle persiste pendant cinq jours. Une éjaculation
étant observée en même temps qu'une évacuation de l'urine et des
matières fécales une fois sur sept, Boismont se demande si cette
disposition tient à un spasme ou à un relâchement des sphincters.
Il note que quelques pendus rappelés à la vie déclarent avoir vu
"comme un éclair leur passer devant les yeux" et avoir
senti leurs jambes d'une "pesanteur extrême". Aucun ne
fait allusion à l'état de ses organes génitaux et plusieurs
affirment avoir perdu à l'instant même tout sentiment de
l'existence.
Quelques années plus tard, le professeur Johann Ludwig
Casper (1796-1864) déclare sans état d'âme que
"plus il
observe de strangulés, plus il se convainc que cette thèse qui a
envahi la médecine légale et qui a été copiée d'un livre dans un
autre est contraire à l'expérience ... J'ai toujours examiné avec
soin l'état des parties génitales et n'ai jamais vu d'érection...
Parfois une demi-érection, mais c'est là un fait trop rare et trop
peu prononcé pour mériter la peine d'être noté... On pourrait
croire qu'il y a toujours érection si l'on trouvait toujours
éjaculation de sperme, ce qui n'arrive pas."
Et Casper se moque
de son confrère Devergie qui "qualifie les taches de sperme sur
le linge des pendus comme très fréquentes, quoiqu'il avoue n'avoir
jamais vu, lui non plus, ni une érection ni une demi-érection sur
le cadavre". Et de mettre en doute la fraîcheur des taches
observées : "était-ce bien du sperme ?"</style>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"></span> </div>
<br />Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-65820976474590503822016-09-09T16:29:00.001-07:002016-12-12T16:45:41.495-08:00Dr. G (?) Fleischmann - Des différents genres de mort par strangulation<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On doit à un médecin de Salzburg, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Hartenkeil">Johann Jakob Hartenkeil</a>
(1761-1808), le <i>Medicinisch-chirurgische Zeitung</i> (le journal de la
médecine et de la chirurgie) qui commença à paraître en 1790. Après la
mort de Hartenkeil, c'est son beau-frère, <a href="http://psychiatrische-landschaften.net/Dr._Johann_Nepomuk_von_Ehrhart.html">Johann Nepomuk von Ehrhart</a> qui assura la publication. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dans le volume des années 1821-1830, est <a href="https://books.google.pt/books?id=6RBPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=professor+Fleischmann+erlangen+strangulation&source=bl&ots=r8LgeCuc5U&sig=5GuTL8nN32jwr1b073HMMFlg-rU&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTqJHVpYPPAhWBGhQKHcA8AUgQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=professor%20Fleischmann%20erlangen%20strangulation&f=false">publiée</a>
(p.237) l'étude du Professeur Fleischmann, "les différents genres de
mort par strangulation", qui date de 1830, fut traduite en français et
parut dans <i><a href="http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/medica/resultats/?cote=90141x1832x08&p=416&do=page">Les Annales d'Hygiène publique</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/medica/resultats/?cote=90141x1832x08&p=416&do=page"> et de Médecine légale</a>, </span></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">1832<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span>série 1, n<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">°</span> 08.</span><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C'était le temps<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> de la médecine expérimentale<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. La médecine légale <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s'attachait à découvrir le moyen de distinguer <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">es</span> pen<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">daisons (et semi-suspensions) post mortem <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">et ante mortem (<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">on</span> était arrivé à la conclusion qu<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'assassiner quelqu<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'un <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">par pen<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">daison en faisant croire à un suicide était impossible). D'<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">observations en expériences, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">les<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> anatomo-pathologistes d'alors s'aper<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">çurent qu'existait une modalité tierce, l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'auto-strangulation <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">q<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ui, lorsque l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'auto-strangulé<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, se<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ul, trépassait <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">faute d<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'avoir mis fi<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">n à l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'expérience </span>avant d'atteindre</span></span></span> le point de non-retour (l'évanouissement), <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">avait l'aspect d'une semi-<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">suspension.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style>
</span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le professeur Fleischmann montr<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a</span> qu'une constriction
modérée du cou suffisait pour déterminer une strangulation mortelle.
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Afin de</span></span> mieux comprendre ce qu<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">i se passait, il expérimenta sur lui-même et </span></span></span>observ<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a</span> que la pression qui porte plus particulièrement entre
l'os hyoïde et le cartilage hyoïde, ou bien sur la trachée artère,
p<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ouvai</span>t causer une asphyxie complète en peu d'instants.
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il complé<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">t<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a</span> son étude par</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> une description des sensations associées à<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ce qui était au sens fort une <i>épreuve</i></span></span>. On ne peut guère dire que <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">c</span>e qu'il en dit<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> soulève un coin du voile <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ni que le pouvoir attractif de cette pratique soit évident : <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">pesanteur</span>, sifflement<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s, bouffée de chaleur, étourdissement, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">une sorte d</span>'angoisse même</span></span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le chercheur scientifique,</span></span> cependant, p<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">longe son lecteur dans <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">l'</span>insondable<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> lorsqu'il parle d'</span><i>une sensation au cerveau difficile à décrire</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pas une seconde <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">il </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">n'hésite<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, i</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">l n'a pas le moindre doute<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">une seconde de plus le mettrait en danger. </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il en va souvent</span> autrement ave<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">c les chercheurs de sensations. Ils <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">veulent explorer plus loin,</span> en sentir davantage. Est-ce que quelque chose</span>,</span> dans cette sensation indescriptible,<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>explique que d'autres <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">n'en restent pas là</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> ?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<h1 class="booktitle">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><a href="http://www.hedayati.eu/persoenlichkeiten/persoenlichkeiten.html#start"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Probablement</span></a></span></span></span></span></h1>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-89366753210776345782016-07-26T10:53:00.003-07:002022-08-09T11:06:38.602-07:00Les mots sont importants<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'article date de 2009, mais il soulève un point important sur lequel on ne médite pas suffisamment ou qu'il faudrait aborder en se posant les bonnes questions.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Language Matters: Unintentional
Strangulation, Strangulation Activity, and the "Choking Game"</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kenneth A. Katz, MD, MSc, MSCE; Robin
L. Toblin, PhD, MPH</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2009;163(1):93-94.
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Abstract</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A recent study reported that 82 American youths aged 6 to 19 years had
died of unintentional strangling while “playing the choking game” from
1995 to 2007.1 To that article's recommendations, we propose an
additional recommendation to further curtail unintentional strangulation
mortality. We propose referring to behaviors that might lead to death
from unintentional strangulation as strangulation activity rather than
playing the choking game.</span></span></div>
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<br />Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-91443475789716348382016-07-13T20:52:00.001-07:002016-07-14T05:46:12.324-07:00Pratiques d'hypoxiphilie. Un nouveau mal ?<br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C</span>et article a paru dans "Réalités Pédiatriques", en février 2010</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Lorsque les médias commencèrent discrètement à s'y intéresser au début du troisième millénaire, on entendit parler de "jeu du foulard", expression anodine suggérant confusément le voile qui cache et non l'écharpe qui étrangle. Instinctivement les esprits décontenancés l'associèrent aux jeux innocents que tous nous avons faits étant petits, un foulard bandant nos yeux ou jeté subrepticement derrière notre dos. Cette désignation était, au sens propre, si insignifiante, si peu troublante – et s'écartait tant de la réalité – que les médias s'empressèrent de la reprendre et les jeunes de l'employer préférentiellement, du moins en présence d'adultes. Ainsi, par une porte dérobée, à force de caution et de précaution médiatiques, le corps étranglé entra dans le dictionnaire sous le vocable "JdF". <br /><br />Ni vraiment ludique ni inoffensif donc. <br /><br />Secrètement, bien sûr, les noms sont légion, différenciant les modus operandi, les classes d'âge, les objectifs<span style="color: yellow;"> (1)</span>. L'effet toutefois est unique bien que l'idiosyncrasie soit assurément prise en compte dans l'expression de l'hypoxie cérébrale : quelques secondes d'euphorie suivies d'une perte de connaissance. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>Que peuvent nous apprendre d'autres temps, d'autres lieux ? </b></i><br />Plutarque rapporte, à propos des actions vertueuses et courageuses des femmes, comment les jeunes filles de Milet furent saisies, sans justification aucune, de la manie bizarre de se pendre. On accusa des pestilences répandues dans l'air qui auraient subitement troublé leur raison. Les pendaisons allaient se succédant jusqu'au jour où l'on s'avisa de décréter que toute fille qui se pendrait serait exposée nue sur la place publique, avec le lien dont elle se serait servie. C'était là une méthode de prévention assurément efficace car les pendaisons cessèrent aussitôt, la pudeur post-mortem l'emportant sur un contagieux désir de mort auquel on a tout de même un peu de mal à croire. En effet, ce qui touchait à la mort (comme à la naissance), chez les Grecs, était cause de souillure pour la maison et la famille du défunt et exigeait des rituels funéraires <span style="color: yellow;">(2)</span>. <br /><br />Au musée d'anthropologie de Mexico, une statue de pierre précolombienne représente un adolescent nu, une corde enroulée autour du cou. Des cicatrices sont visibles sur ses joues et son front, ce sont des ornements. Son pénis en érection est en partie cassé. La statue, qui date du Xè siècle de notre ère, indique que les Mayas associaient l'hypoxie à la sexualité. Ils croyaient que les âmes de ceux qui se pendent eux-mêmes rejoignent Ixtab, étonnante déesse des pendus représentée agenouillée, une corde autour du cou, les chevilles liées (codex de Dresde). </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8XzSfDxrUsrbVsbzEtAyunxNVnMB2oGkfzyPs7ItYkzYpOyWQBZDXilBAvK80PebUVbL-hkJGTSSYfX1ixcekV5q7qi14zxLclN9m7M8jLvcVe9aT378vBvb4YwQhronlEcp0QFIzPvyA/s640/dresden-codex-maya-goddess-ixtab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8XzSfDxrUsrbVsbzEtAyunxNVnMB2oGkfzyPs7ItYkzYpOyWQBZDXilBAvK80PebUVbL-hkJGTSSYfX1ixcekV5q7qi14zxLclN9m7M8jLvcVe9aT378vBvb4YwQhronlEcp0QFIzPvyA/s640/dresden-codex-maya-goddess-ixtab.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ixtab, déesse de la pendaison - Codex de Dresde</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />Le psychiatre Harvey Resnick observe que la suffocation fait partie des jeux des enfants Shoshone-Bannock, Indiens du nord-ouest des EUA <span style="color: yellow;">(3)</span>. Il cite plusieurs anthropologues évoquant les strangulations sexuelles des enfants Inuits à l'occasion des grands rassemblements tribaux tandis que les adultes dansent et chantent. Dans les années 1930, un missionnaire/explorateur est témoin d'un accident : un garçon grand et mince de 12 ans avait grimpé sur un bloc de neige fraîche pour placer sa tête dans l'anse d'une lanière fixée au sommet de l'igloo. Il avait les mains liées. Ses pieds tassaient la neige pour serrer lentement mais sûrement le lien de cuir autour de son cou tandis qu'un jeune spectateur lui stimulait les organes génitaux. L'annonce soudaine de l'arrivée d'un traîneau attira les enfants au dehors tandis que la neige, en train de fondre, s'affaissait lentement sous les pieds d'Attiguyok <span style="color: yellow;">(4)</span>. </span></span><br />
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<b><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Qu'en dit la littérature médico-légale ? </span></span></i></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><br />Des allusions aux pendaisons non suicidaires d'enfants, souvent embarrassées et en tout cas très peu explicitées, existent dans la littérature des XVIIIè et XIXè siècles. Comme chez Plutarque la contagion tient souvent lieu d'explication. Ainsi, remarque A.S. Taylor, "il y a des raisons de croire que des garçons se sont pendus sans intention d'en mourir, à cause d'un étrange principe d'imitation ou par curiosité. C'est le cas de ce jeune de 14 ans qui, en 1844, assista à une exécution à Nottingham. On l'entendit répéter qu'il aimerait savoir quel effet produit la pendaison. L'après-midi on le trouva pendu par une corde à un arbre, mort. Cette circonstance ne laisse aucun doute sur le fait qu'il avait expérimenté la théorie et la pratique de la pendaison et qu'il n'avait pas l'intention de se détruire lui-même. Le jury émit un verdict de "pendaison accidentelle" <span style="color: yellow;">(5)</span>. Le Dr Tenneson, rapportant le cas d'un enfant de 13 ans trouvé assis par terre, la corde au cou, remarque : "Il faut aussi, surtout chez un enfant, songer à la possibilité d'une pendaison accidentelle. Il court, vous le savez, dans le monde, certains récits sur les sensations voluptueuses que ressentent les pendus. Ces récits n'ont aucun fondement, mais ils n'en séduisent pas moins quelques-uns et les poussent à se pendre un peu pour voir. Plusieurs se sont ainsi pendus pour tout de bon, sans le vouloir." <span style="color: yellow;">(6)</span> E. Levy observe que ces pendus, soit par curiosité quant aux sensations, soit par plaisanterie, soit pensant qu'on viendrait à temps pour les délivrer, "se sont trouvés dans l'impossibilité de se dégager au moment voulu" <span style="color: yellow;">(7)</span>. <br /><br /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La perte de conscience fulgurante, observent les auteurs, est un point capital pour considérer l'existence de pendaisons sans intention de mort. Mais une fois admise cette réalité, encore faut-il l'expliquer. S'agissant d'enfants et d'adolescents il est facile d'imaginer qu'ils voulaient faire peur, qu'ils ont été abandonnés par des témoins effrayés, qu'ils l'ont fait par ignorance, par imitation morbide, par menace ou pour se venger. Confortable mais non satisfaisant, d'autant plus qu'une enquête minutieuse met souvent à jour une certaine récurrence. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il est étonnant qu'un très récent ouvrage, si succinct quant aux "pendaisons accidentelles d'étiologie ludique, malheureusement observées, essentiellement chez les garçons" <span style="color: yellow;">(8)</span>, renvoie à une étude états-unienne décrivant les circonstances de pendaisons d'enfants comme "indéterminées", malgré des "recherches poussées" <span style="color: yellow;">(9)</span>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><i>Qu'est le JdF si ce n'est pas un jeu ? </i></b><br /><br />Malgré sa longue histoire, cette pratique bizarre est une énigme pour plus d'un, y compris ceux qui, informés, seraient les mieux à même de la dépister (corps infirmier, médical, enseignant, policier). Elle consiste fondamentalement en une compression extérieure – au moyen des mains (en groupe) ou d'un lien (solo), avec ou sans hyperventilation préalable – des voies aériennes (cou ou sternum), insuffisante pour obstruer la respiration mais suffisante pour réduire singulièrement la circulation sanguine et donc l'apport d'oxygène au cerveau. Parfois, après une hyperventilation pratiquée accroupi, le "joueur" se redresse en fermant la bouche et en appuyant le pouce et l'index sur ses narines tout en forçant l'air hors de son corps ou bien un comparse exerce une forte pression sur le sternum déclenchant une manoeuvre (inconsciente) de Valsalva <span style="color: yellow;">(10)</span>. Il arrive moins souvent que l'hypoxie soit induite au moyen d'un sac de plastique emprisonnant la tête et/ou d'un de ces nitrites volatiles en vente libre sur Internet. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'évanouissement surgit sans crier gare et bien des lésions du visage, parfois la fracture du crâne, sont dues à la chute du corps que plus rien ne contrôle, pour ne rien dire de l'arrêt cardiaque par réflexe vagal (dans ce cas pas de congestion ni de pétéchies). Ce sont manifestement des dangers que les jeunes ne se représentent pas, faute de savoir élémentaire en matière de physiologie et de réanimation, pas plus qu'ils ne prévoient que les quintes de rire déclenchées par les corps qui s'affaissent comme des marionnettes pourraient faire place aux larmes. <br /><br />L'hypoxiphilie pratiquée en solitaire diffère considérablement, non seulement parce qu'elle est un acte intime à nom secret (une jeune fille qui ne pratiquait plus lorsqu'elle en parla l'appelait "le bonheur") mais aussi eu égard à son objectif. En groupe, c'est la perte de connaissance qui est recherchée, c'est elle qui divertit, amuse les spectateurs. Au contraire, ceux qui font seuls ces expériences prennent précisément soin de ne pas s'évanouir car ils cherchent à atteindre les limites de la conscience, voire un état modifié de conscience. L'ingénuité de dispositifs de sauvegarde souvent rudimentaires (le redressement pour diminuer la tension du lien) montre à quel point la mort n'est pas prévue. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><i>Pourquoi soumettre son corps à une telle violence ? </i></b><br /><br />Dans les groupes et selon les initiateurs il s'agit de planer, de ne plus être là tout en y étant, de forcer le temps à suspendre son vol. Certains disent avoir sombré dans un trou noir tandis que la vie se mettait entre parenthèses, l'étrangeté du phénomène suffisant à justifier l'acte a posteriori. D'autres décrivent sans guère convaincre des musiques hyper-ci et des paysages super-ça censés justifier et valoriser un comportement que les adultes stigmatisent, au minimum, comme irresponsable. On ne connaît évidemment pas le discours de ceux qui s'adonnent en secret à l'expérience hypoxique. Feraient-ils leur le passage des Possédés cité en exergue ? <br /><br />Aucune étude empirique n'a été faite au sujet du pouvoir d'attraction des jeux d'évanouissement, mais ça et là quelques motifs sont évoqués : pression des pairs, rite de passage, distraction (au sens pascalien), curiosité vis-à-vis d'un état modifié de conscience, expérience d'une sorte de court-circuit mental, effet mimétique d'un film comme Flatliners <span style="color: yellow;">(11)</span>, film fétiche de certains "joueurs". Le mot "euphorie" n'est pas employé pour désigner l'effet recherché. Médicalement et en dépit de son étymologie (état de celui qui se porte bien), ce terme a des connotations négatives : est euphorique celui qui croit qu'il se porte bien. Toutefois, communément, l'euphorie désigne une sensation d'immense bien-être, une sorte d'effondrement des frontières du moi. Encore faut-il que ces frontières aient été dessinées pour s'assouplir, voire céder. Il est certain que les pré-adolescents ne relient pas, consciemment en tout cas, l'état euphorique induit par l'hypoxie à l'excitation sexuelle, mais il semble évident que tôt ou tard la connection s'opère inévitablement <span style="color: yellow;">(12)</span>. La plupart basculent de la sensorialité hypoxique à une sexualité active. D'autres pourraient ne pas renoncer à la première et ne plus les dissocier l'une de l'autre. Quelques garçons associent l'éonisme (appropriation de l'image de la femme désirée mais inaccessible ?) à la strangulation, rituel qui pourrait actualiser l'équation corps-phallus <span style="color: yellow;">(13)</span>. Selon certains auteurs, le bébé nourri au sein associerait d'emblée suffocation et bien-être (accompagné d'un réflexe gastro-urétral qui se traduirait en érection), comme la douleur respiratoire quand il pleure serait indéfectiblement liée au bonheur de voir apparaître sa mère. La seconde séparation réactiverait la première : le "suffoquer un peu pour survivre" du nourrisson deviendrait le "suffoquer un peu pour devenir sexuel" de l'adolescent <span style="color: yellow;">(14)</span>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><i>Quelles sensations ? </i></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les pendus réanimés en général n'ont souvenir de rien et les médecins ayant expérimenté sur eux-mêmes - mais avec au moins un assistant - ne décrivent guère qu'une soudaine perte de mobilité, des jambes lourdes, des flashes de lumière, de brillants cercles de couleurs accompagnés de sifflements dans les oreilles. Anne Greene (22 ans), cruellement pendue à Oxford en 1650 et destinée à la table de dissection, fut réanimée, les médecins ayant entendu un râle. Elle se rétablit sans séquelles hormis une amnésie rétroactive. On eut beau l'interroger, elle ne rapporta ni visions divines, ni musiques célestes, ni prophéties merveilleuses. Loin d'évoquer quelque expérience de mort imminente, Anne Greene était incapable de se rappeler ses derniers moments à la prison, son exécution et son retour à la vie <span style="color: yellow;">(15).</span> Francis Bacon <span style="color: yellow;">(16)</span> raconte qu'un gentilhomme, afin de savoir à quoi ressemblaient les douleurs des suppliciés – c'est du moins le prétexte qu'il donna –, se pendit par le cou, après s'être assuré qu'était à sa portée un banc sur lequel il comptait remonter lorsque sa curiosité serait satisfaite. Mais l'imprudent expérimentateur perdit connaissance et serait mort si un ami, entré "par hasard", ne l'eût promptement secouru. "Il avait seulement aperçu, écrit Bacon, une espèce de flamme qui s'était peu après changée en obscurité". </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'anatomo-pathologiste allemand Fleischmann observe une "chaleur vers la tête, un sentiment de pesanteur dans son intérieur, un commencement d'étourdissement, une sorte d'angoisse, une <i>sensation au cerveau difficile à décrire</i> et tout à coup un sifflement et un bruissement dans les oreilles" qu'il désigne comme signal d'alarme absolu <span style="color: yellow;">(17)</span>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>Quels risques ? </b></i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les douleurs, indéniables (N. Minovici - 1868-1941 - se borne à douze expériences car la souffrance est devenue intolérable), ne sont pas non plus mémorisées. Mais les turbulences infligées à l'organisme se paient de maux de tête, de manque d'attention, de troubles visuels, d'asthénie que les jeunes joueurs ne rapprochent délibérément ou non de leurs activités. Quand ils le font en groupe, les risques principaux sont ceux de la chute "raide" et l'arrêt cardiaque qui désempare les autres et parfois les fait fuir, faute de savoir élémentaire quant à la physiologie et à la réanimation, faute de conscience de la complexité et des limites de l'homéostasie.. Ceux qui pratiquent en secret sont tragiquement découverts quand ils ne sont plus. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Puisque cette activité est cause de décès et de lésions irréversibles il peut paraître surprenant qu'elle n'ait pas acquis mauvaise presse et ne se soit pas sabordée. Andrew et al. suggèrent qu'elle est surtout devenue plus létale en raison de l'utilisation d'un lien et de la pratique solitaire <span style="color: yellow;">(18)</span>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il est curieux que les délices de la pendaison hantent les récits qui traversent le temps et l'espace sans que mention soit faite du surprenant (à la lettre) foudroiement implacable qui y met fin immanquablement. Le moment de sa venue dépend de plusieurs facteurs dont – comme l'ont montré les médecins qui ont expérimenté de diverses manières <span style="color: yellow;">(19)</span> – la position et la qualité du lien ne sont pas les moindres. La survie n'est possible que si quelqu'un surgit, si l'anoxie n'a pas été trop longue et si le coeur a tenu bon, mais là encore c'est le hasard qui tire les ficelles et il n'est pas raisonnable de lui faire confiance. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>Qui est concerné ? Où s'apprennent ces pratiques ? </b></i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Aucun trait distinctif ne permet d'identifier une population à risque. Les jeunes seraient plus vulnérables entre 11 et 17 ans, quelle que soit le milieu socio-économique : les impétueux comme les réfléchis, les rêveurs comme les pragmatiques. Ils sont en général d'une intelligence plutôt supérieure à la moyenne, sportifs, bons élèves, populaires, artistes et ont souvent un goût fétichiste pour les liens (interprété comme tendance cow-boy ou Tarzan) que certains même collectionnent<span style="color: yellow;"> (20)</span>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sont les pépinières des jeux d'évanouissement les cours de récréation, les colonies de vacances, les classes de judo et de jujitsu dont font partie certaines techniques d'étranglement <span style="color: yellow;">(21)</span> : à la différence des drogues, pas de dealer, pas d'argent, pas de traces. Selon les résultats d'un sondage effectué au Canada (Ontario) en 2007, environ 7% des jeunes de 12-17 ans interrogés avaient joué au JdF <span style="color: yellow;">(22)</span>. Une enquête menée en 2008 dans plusieurs écoles du Texas et de l'Ontario montre que 68% avaient entendu parler du JdF, 45% connaissaient quelqu'un qui y avait joué et 6,6% l'avaient fait (93,9% de ceux-ci avec quelqu'un d'autre). 40% des enfants ne voyaient aucun danger dans ce jeu. L'étude conclut que la parole des parents constitue la plus efficace source de prévention <span style="color: yellow;">(23)</span>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Selon un sondage de 2007, réalisé sur un échantillon limité mais représentatif de la population française (1013 personnes de +15 ans), 91% de l'échantillon – 62 % des parents interrogés – avaient entendu parler du JdF. 4% de l'échantillon avaient pratiqué. La moitié de ceux qui avaient fait ou avaient vu faire (9% de l'échantillon) n'étaient pas ou peu conscients du danger <span style="color: yellow;">(24)</span>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dans une étude écossaise, six décès par pendaison sont classés comme suicides au seul motif qu'ils ne sont pas accidentels (c'est-à-dire purement fortuits) <span style="color: yellow;">(25)</span>. Une étude de l'Office of Population Censuses and Surveys portant sur 136 enfants morts de suffocation, strangulation ou pendaison s'interroge sans proposer d'élément de réponse sur un groupe de 21 garçons de 8-14 ans s'étant pendus eux-mêmes et conclut énigmatiquement que la prévention chez les plus âgés est plus délicate et "requiert une recherche plus poussée" <span style="color: yellow;">(26)</span>. Toujours sibylline, l'étude remarque que les programmes d'éducation pourraient ne pas avoir l'effet désiré sur ce qui est reconnu comme un phénomène tout de même rare, bien que "aucune preuve n'étaie l'hypothèse d'un comportement nuisible auquel les médias pourraient exposer les enfants" <span style="color: yellow;">(27)</span>. Un article australien, cependant, parle d'un enfant reproduisant une scène de pendaison judiciaire vue à la TV <span style="color: yellow;">(28)</span> et l'on sait que plusieurs pendaisons "mimétiques" ont eu lieu après celle de Saddam Hussein, largement diffusée sur Internet où, par ailleurs, existent maints sites, vidéos et forums sur les jeux d'évanouissement <span style="color: yellow;">(29)</span>, stigmatisés comme incitateurs, en fait essentiellement désinformateurs. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><i>Sentinelle de soi-même </i></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La plupart des jeunes, confrontés à l'intérieur d'un groupe au défi que constituent les jeux d'évanouissement, répètent peu ou jamais une expérience qu'ils ont, somme toute, trouvée plus insolite que délicieuse. Pourquoi alors certains veulent-ils explorer plus loin ? Il est du reste possible que l'étrange sensation advienne fortuitement, à la suite de la pression d'un col, d'une main, d'un objet dur sur le cou. Y aurait-il des prédispositions physiologiques, une hypersensibilité que nous n'avons pas tous en partage ? Comment s'explique que se développe ce qui est, plutôt qu'une addiction, une dépendance ? </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ces expériences sensorielles ne sont, de fait, pas uniformes. Les récits de Fleischmann et de Minovici diffèrent sur bien des points : le premier ne parle pas de douleur, son souci majeur est de ne pas perdre connaissance, tandis que le second ne supporte (jusqu'à un certain point) la <i>terrible</i> douleur que pour faire progresser la science. Voilà qui en dit long, sinon de manière édifiante, sur l'espri<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">t qui animait la recherche médicale <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">à la fin du XIXè.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Last but not least</i> il y a lieu de se demander quel impact a la dénomination "JdF" eu égard à la prévention. Le jeu pour les enfants – chez qui s'affirme indiscutablement la primauté de cette activité (pas seulement chez les jeunes humains d'ailleurs) – est synonyme d'amusement, s'y adonner c'est en anticiper du plaisir, rien que du plaisir. Les jeunes se livreraient-ils aussi facilement à ces expériences à aléa létal s'ils devaient appeler un chat un chat ? S'assujettiraient-ils pieds et poings liés à des gestes potentiellement menaçants pour leur intégrité physique si, dès l'enfance, on les incitait à être les sentinelles d'eux-mêmes ? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">1 Jeu de la tomate, de la grenouille, rêve indien, cosmos, etc. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">2 <i>Oeuvres Morales</i>, tome IV, Paris 2002. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">3 <i>Erotized repetitive hangings: a form of self-destructive behavior</i>, in "American Journal of Psychotherapy"<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">,</span> 1972 26-1, pp.4-21. Resnick affirme que la strangulation sexuelle ne concerne que les garçons. Il en voit du reste pour preuve l'institution sociale de la cravate (l'anglais "necktie" est plus suggestif), exclusivement d'usage masculin avant l'émergence des mouvements féministes. Resnick se trompe : il y a des filles concernées dans la littérature, certes moins mais peut-être tout simplement parce qu'elles sont plus prudentes. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">4 De Coccola, R. et King, P. – <i>The Incredible Eskimo: Life Among the Barren Land Eskimo</i>, Washington 1986. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">5 <i>Elements of medical jurisprudence</i>, London 1836. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">6 Société de médecine légale, séance du 9 mars 1874. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">7 <i>Contribution à l'étude des causes de la mort dans la pendaison et la strangulation</i>, Paris 1879. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">8 Beauthier JP – <i>Traité de médecine légale</i>, De Boeck Université 2008. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">9 Clarck et al. – <i>Asphyxial deaths due to hanging in children</i> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">in "</span>Journal of Forensic Sciences", 1993 38-2 pp.344-352. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">10 Il est assez remarquable que ces deux pratiques aient eu chacune un nom au Royaume-Uni, peu de temps après la seconde guerre mondiale, alors que règne aujourd'hui la plus grande opacité. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Voir Howard P et al. – <i>The 'Mess Trick' and the 'Fainting Lark'</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in </span>Br Med J 1951;2:382-384. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La plupart des coroners ne sont pas dupes, mettent en garde contre le danger des cordes autour des cous, mais se limitent à émettre un verdict de "mésaventure". </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">11 Schumacher J, 1990 (<i>l'expérience interdite</i>) </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">12 Ford R – <i>Death by Hanging of Adolescent and Young Adult Males</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in "</span>Journal of Forensic Sciences" 2 (1957), pp. 171-176. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">13 Shankel LW et al. – <i>Transvestism and hanging episodes in a male adolescent</i> in "The Psychiatric Quarterly" 30 (3) pp. 478-493 (1956). Les pratiques d'étranglement de ce jeune garçon avaient commencé deux ans avant sa capacité éjaculatrice, ce qui confirme la part secondaire de la masturbation dans la dite strangulation sexuelle.. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">14 Resnick HLP – op. cité. Ces individus ne sont pas suicidaires dans le sens où ils ne recherchent pas la mort, mais ils sont en quête d'une expérience de mort dans leur déni de la crainte de la séparation. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">15 Breathnach CS, Moynihan JB – <i>Intensive care 1650: the revival of Anne Greene (c. 1628-59)</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>J Med Biography 2009 – 17 pp. 35-38. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">16 Bacon F – <i>Histoire de la vie et de la mort</i>, Londres 1623 </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">17 <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span>Fleischmann – <i>Différents genres de mort par strangulation</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in</span> "Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale", tome VIII, 1832. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">18 Andrew TA et al. – <i>Asphyxial games in children and adolescents</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in "</span>The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology", 28, 4, pp.303-307 (2007<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">19 Minovici NS – <i>Étude sur la pendaison</i>, Paris 1905. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">20 Herman SP – <i>Recovery from Hanging in an Adolescent Male</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in "</span>Clinical Pediatrics", Vol. 13, No. 10, pp. 854-860 (1974) </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">21 Shime-waza : compression (sanguine) cervicolatérale ou compression (respiratoire) du larynx, l'arrêt étant demandé d'un geste de la main ou du pied par l'étranglé. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">22 <i>Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey</i> – Centre for Addiction and Mental Health </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">23 Macnab AJ et al – <i>Asphyxial games or "the choking game" : a potentially fatal risk behaviour</i> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">– I</span></span>njury Prevention 2009 15, 45-49. 90,7% des élèves répondirent (2504 sur 2762 contactés – moyenne d'âge : 13,7). </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">24 Enquête Apeas/Ipsos (2007) </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">– </span></span><i>Notoriété et pratique du jeu du foulard </i><a href="http://www.ipsos.fr/CanalIpsos/articles/2232.asp">http://www.ipsos.fr/CanalIpsos/articles/2232.asp</a> (accédé 27.11.2009). </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">25 Wyatt JP et al.(1998) – <i>Hanging deaths in children</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in "</span>The American <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">J</span>ournal of <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">F</span>orensic <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">M</span>edicine and <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">P</span>athology", 19(4) pp. 343-346. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">26 Nixon JW et al. (1995) – <i>Suffocation, choking, and strangulation in childhood in England and Wales: epidemiology and prevention</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in "</span>Archives of Disease in Childhood", 72 pp. 6-10. L'étude porte sur 136 enfants morts d'étouffement, suffocation, étranglement et pendaison dans les années 1990-91. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">27 Cooke CT et al. – <i>Hanging deaths in children</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in</span> "The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology", 10, 2, pp. 98-104 (1989<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">28 Dietz PE – <i>Television-inspired autoerotic asphyxiation</i> in "Journal of Forensic Sciences", 34-3, pp 528-9 (1989). </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">29 Linkletter M et al. – <i>The Choking Game and YouTube: A Dangerous Combination</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in "</span>Clin Pediatr (Phila")-2009 Jul 13 :1-5.</span></span><br />
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-58664029941733471742016-07-13T19:40:00.001-07:002016-07-13T20:26:37.430-07:00What hanging is like<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette">Pall Mall Gazette</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Par quelqu'un qui en a fait l'expériene...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L'auteur des lignes qui suivent, </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
membre d'une sorte de "club du suicide", s'est fait semi-pendre (on
l'a pendu dans les règles, mais libéré très vite de la corde) en
présence de plusieurs amis.</span></span> Il a envoyé un bref </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/tuapeka-times/1885/12/16/5">compte-rendu</a></span> de ses sensations à la PMG<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette"></a>. <br /><br />— A good stout rope had been obtained. This was securely fastened to the rafters of the barn roof. I pulled at the rope with my hands to make sure that it would not break. Then I permitted myself to be blindfolded and mounted on a chair. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">For a moment, I admit, 1 was weak enough to turn pale and tremble. I soon, however, recovered my presence of mind. Putting my head through the noose I gave the signal. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I felt the chair dawn from under me. There was a great jerk, and [ felt a violent pain in my neck, as though my scarf had all of a sudden become too tight. Now. comes the most curious part of my experience. After the first feeling of torture, which I admit was decidedly severe, I lost consciousness. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I seemed to be transported to a new world, more beautiful than anything imagined by the poets. I was swimming, methought, in a sea of oil. The feeling was exquisitely delicious. As I swam easily and without effort through the liquid mass I noticed afar off an island of the most glorious emerald green in colour. This it was my wish to reach. I swam lazily and contentedly on. The sea kept every instant changing its hue, though it remained of the same subseance throughout. At one instant it was a mass of gold, as though the sun were shining brilliantly on it. The next moment it was a vivid blood-red ; but there was nothing terrible or disgusting in this new colour. It kept changing, in fact, to all the hues of the rainbow, yellow and red being the predominant tints. I got nearer and nearer to the isle. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As I approached it there sprung out suddenly from the ground a number of people strangely transfigured, whose faces seemed to be known to me. lat last reached the land. A magnificent chorus of voices, human and thoBS of birds, burst forth. I closed my eyes in ecstasy. I floated calmly on to the shore, and lay as a child in its cradle, slightly weakened from, as I suppose, the enervating effect of the oil matter in which I had been swimming. At last I opened my eyes. The magic charm waß at once dispelled. The divine harmony ceased. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The faces were still peering at me with an expression of eager curiosity, but I perceived that they belonged to the members of our society. The pain in cay neck was great. I was now in entire possession of my senses. My friends fortunately cut me down in time. I was still weak — too weak to at once relieve my friends' curiosity. When I was able to speak I told them my experiences. Though I drew a charming picture of the bliss which I had felt, not one of them would consent to try my experiment. They all considered my | conduct heroic, but absolutely refused to emulate me. They said I looked so ghastly!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_12.jpg/150px-Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_12.jpg/150px-Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_12.jpg" width="106" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tarot - Le Pendu</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />L'article fut repris par le New York Times du 5 novembre 1885 sous le titre "The Pleasures of Hanging" <br /><br />Le NYT l'introduit ainsi <br /><br />Dans l'argumentation à propos de la peine capitale, les sociologues ont toujours regretté que personne, après avoir été pendu, n'ait décrit complètement les sensations éprouvées et on a toujours considéré que le témoignage d'une telle personne serait d'un poids précieux pour déterminer de manière définitive les mérites de cette méthode d'exécution. Mais aucun être humain pendu pour un crime n'a consenti à enregistrer ses émotions. <br /><br />Maintenant, toutefois, en voilà un qui est revenu de la corde et détaille son expérience minutieusement. Le résultat devrait faire cesser immédiatement cette méthode d'exécution privilégiée dans ce pays (les USQ) et en Grande-Bretagne. Le gentleman qui a fait l'expérience trouve que la pendaison, au lieu d'être, comme l'imagination populaire se la figure, relativement douloureuse, est réellement une relaxation agréable. Cette expérience calcule donc non de rendre la peine capitale odieuse, mais d'augmenter le crime en stimulant une passion pour ce mode de sortie des choses mondaines. <br /><br /><br />Et le NYT conclut : <br /><br />Cependant, il ne faut pas s'attendre à ce que la vanité personnelle retienne les criminels du désir d'expérimenter les sensations décrites avec tant de vivacité par le gentleman pendu et il est évident que récompenser nos meurtriers avec une envolée aussi extatique ne fera qu'encourager le crime. </span></span></div>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-6406941252217052032015-07-11T18:00:00.001-07:002016-06-30T19:41:00.827-07:00Bridgend, traitement médiatique : 2 témoins devant la Commission parlementaire<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">19 mars 2009</span></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/9031902.htm"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mr Anthony Langan</span></span></a>
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<b>Q227 Chairman:</b> Can I thank you very much
for coming and giving evidence. This is, as I think you know,
a session that we are holding entirely in private particularly
for the benefit of Mr Fuller who will be coming after you. It
is part of a wider inquiry we are doing in the whole area of press
standards, privacy and libel. Obviously the reporting of suicides
is a particularly difficult and sensitive area and the lessons
from Bridgend are ones we are keen to hear. Could you start by
giving us an overview, on behalf of the Samaritans, as to how
you see the media's treatment of the question of reporting suicides?
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> The Samaritans, as
the Committee will know, is an organisation dedicated to reducing
suicide. We have worked with individuals since 1953, some years
before suicide was decriminalised, so we were actually working
with people who were potentially criminal before the 1961 Act.
We have also worked very closely with the media; in fact the name
Samaritans came from the <i>Daily Mirror</i> who gave us the name.
We have always been very keen to work with the media because as
an organisation with limited resources we value the role of the
media in telling people about our service. In 1991 we published
our first media guidelines which some of the Committee may know
and, for the record, can be found at www.samaritans.org/media.
We have used the media guidelines with policy makers and regulators.
Significantly, as the Committee may know, in 2005 we managed to
secure a change in the PCC's Code of Practice to include a new
clause, 5(ii), on the reporting of suicide. In the light of what
happened in Bridgend, I think appropriate reporting and the impact
that has on vulnerable people and copy cat suicides were issues
we had to address very quickly. In terms of where we were, to
briefly get this out, we began in a situation where we felt some
of the media stories were damaging, probably counter-productive
and through interventions from ourselves and from members of this
House we were able to work with the PCC and editors quite quickly
to address some of those concerns. At this stage in the process
we still need to keep working with the PCC and probably with the
Code Committee to look at how that Code works and whether we can
do some extension to that remit. That is where we are at the minute.
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q228 Rosemary McKenna:</b> Talking about
the PCC Code, does it give enough guidance on the issues surrounding
suicide reporting?
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> In itself I do not
think it does. One of the things that Bridgend threw up is within
the remit of the PCC a lot of things fall outside that Code. There
were particular issues around the re-publication and duplication
of photographs. The new Editor's Codebook talks about dramatisation
of suicide and I think it is equally dangerous to look at the
normalisation of suicide. When we looked at the regular re-publication
of 10 or 20 photographs of people of a certain age then other
people of that age would see perhaps a pattern of normalisation
and that was equally dangerous. The current Code does not address
that. We think the guidance note behind that could do with some
work but we see the Code of Conduct as a working document. We
want to keep working with the PCC and the Code Committee to extend
that remit so it is actually going to go further.</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q229 Rosemary McKenna:</b> There is a
question about their expertise. Do you think they have the necessary
expertise to adjudicate on the reporting of the suicide cases
that we have seen?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I am not familiar with
that conversation I have to say. In our dealings with the PCC
what they have always stressed to us is they are not of the media,
they are separate to the media, and in that respect they have
the ability to look across the piece. I do not feel qualified
to talk about their expertise.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Rosemary McKenna:</b> It is a very specific
area and they really ought to have some kind of expertise.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q230 Chairman:</b> That suggestion was
specifically raised with us by PAPYRUS. Are you familiar with
them and would you think they are probably pretty good advocates?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> We work very closely
with PAPYRUS. In terms of Bridgend, I know PAPYRUS said that they
initiated a principle of not speaking to the press. We decided
to work differently in that respect. In our view, we felt it was
important to make sure that the objective we were getting across
was, first of all, to make sure that people were looking at this
properly and were not picking up on some of the slightly less
evidence-based conclusions that were being drawn about why these
suicides were taking place. There were discussions around internet
death cults and other things and that have never been proven.
Again, to refer to some of the previous witnesses' evidence, we
felt there was a potential that if the press were not being spoken
to, then stories would go ahead based on limited sets of information
***. We do work very closely with PAPYRUS and we continue to do
so. I am not familiar with the argument about the question of
expertise. In terms of our own work, once the PCC got involved
we found them very helpful.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q231 Rosemary McKenna:</b> Did they come
to you for advice?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> Since Bridgend they
have come back to us. My invitation here today has been somewhat
helped by the PCC. I have also worked with them on delivering
a seminar to students at the LSE and academics there on the politics
of talking about suicide in the media so it is a developing professional
relationship.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q232 Mr Hall:</b> Reporting on these
issues is quite a difficult thing because it is a very personal
tragedy for the families yet there is quite a lot of public interest.
What do you think of the press coverage that surrounded the Bridgend
suicides?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> As I mentioned earlier,
some of the initial stories did cause us concern. When we began
to look at these we realised ourselves that in terms of complaining
to the PCC they were outside their remit. *** We would contact
the papers to actually talk about our concerns, about how things
were not being represented. Our focus at that stage was to talk
to the papers locally to see what we could sort out. If you look
at the PCC, and I have been thinking about this quite a lot, in
terms of the change that Samaritans would want to see, the PCC
is able to make a level of redress but again, as other witnesses
have said, once the story is out there it is out there. We are
looking now at how we can actually *** help in the development
of those codes. It is more important that we are preventing future
deaths and preventing inappropriate reporting.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q233 Mr Hall:</b> You said you had concerns
and they were reported outside the remit. Could you be slightly
more specific about what the concerns were and where they had
gone beyond the remit?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> Probably in the duplication
of those photographs. Early on a number of papers, and it is difficult
for me to remember the names now, would publish either a front
page or a double page spread and around the perimeter of the page
you would see the photographs of the young people. Again, because
it was developing a picture of a youth group, potentially looking
at suicide as a normal life choice, we thought that was potentially
dangerous.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q234 Mr Hall:</b> Did you think it contributed
to further suicides?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> It is a difficult question
to answer. Any view of suicide and suicide research is a long-term
issue. It is only now that some of the researchers, particularly
Professor Keith Hawton at Oxford, are beginning to look at that.
I know there is some work taking place in Wales as well to look
at media and whether that has had an impact ***</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q235 Mr Hall:</b> Am I right in thinking
there is no protection against the names of people who have committed
suicide being reported?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I am not a legal expert
but I do not believe there is a privacy law for the dead as such.
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q236 Mr Hall:</b> Would that help?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I am not an expert
on these things. It is difficult to say. What Samaritans wanted
to see in this situation was a discussion around the issue that
was positive and useful.*** Though it is not a crime, because
suicide is not a crime, it is often stigmatized. ***
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Mr Hall:</b> For juveniles there is a lot
of protection in the press if you are alive with loads of restrictions
on reporting but the minute you are dead there is not.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q237 Helen Southworth:</b> Following
on from what Mike was asking but slightly sideways, can I ask
you about the impact on families and your experience at the Samaritans
of the impact on families of somebody who has committed suicide
generally? Do you have an opinion on whether newspapers should
have to seek the consent of a next of kin before they publish
photographs and details of somebody who has committed suicide?
There is an issue around intrusion and privacy of somebody who
is the closest relative who must be feeling very considerable
grief and possibly guilt and anxieties around the fact that they
themselves have not been able to do anything to prevent it.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> In terms of the issue
around next of kin, it is a difficult one to answer particularly
from a Bridgend perspective because a lot of the photographs that
were used, as the Committee may know, were harvested from social
networking sites.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q238 Helen Southworth:</b> That is a
why I asked about consent before publication because it is so
easy to get hold of them.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> It is easy because
by the very nature of them they are in the public domain. They
could be harvested because in effect there was an informed consent
that that photograph was there to be shared. My answer will draw
me back to the work we are doing with the PCC. In terms of what
happened at Bridgend, once the PCC became involved they did hold
a meeting with the bereaved families and it was at that meeting,
which I was fortunate—although it is wrong use of the word—to
be invited to, the issue around re-publication of photographs
was actually discussed at some length. I do not think it is possible
with the public domain pictures to seek consent.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q239 Helen Southworth:</b> We have been
looking at issues around protecting privacy on the internet as
well as within the media. For example, in terms of data protection
if you receive a piece of information you can only use it for
the purpose for which you are given it. In social networking sites
people are giving you information about themselves and their lives
not necessarily with consent to use it for an invasion of privacy
on another issue. I am wondering whether that is something we
need to explore a little more, whether there is an issue about
needing consent to use it for other reasons.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> It would be an interesting
issue to explore.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Helen Southworth:</b> Also consent from the
third party, the next of kin. If a person has died, you can publish
information about them without having issues around libel and
they therefore have no longer given consent. I am wondering whether
these are the sort of things we should ask people to look at.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Chairman:</b> I have done quite a lot on
the use of photographs on social networking sites and there have
been rulings on this. Part of the question is the privacy settings
of the person putting up the photographs.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q240 Helen Southworth:</b> I was wondering
about the impact and whether the Samaritans have an opinion on
whether they think something more should be done.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> It needs to be explored.
I am a member of the UK Council on Child Internet Safety. I am
sitting on the Industry Standards sub-group and I will make sure
this is one of the issues we will discuss within that if I am
able to bring it up within that sub-group. A lot of this will
refer to the terms of service. A lot will also be open to the
arrangements that we have with the social networking providers
and their terms of service and their desire to actually take those
steps. I feel I cannot adequately answer on these things. ***
It is equally important that people understand the finality of
the act. Taking the photograph away could, and this needs to be
researched further, have an adverse effect on that. It may not
enable people to connect with that individual in a way that could
be helpful.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q241 Helen Southworth:</b> In terms of
the issue of helpfulness, on television for example, when difficult
issues are being explored, there will be a point at the end where
they say if you have been affected by these issues they show a
contact for help. Do you think this is something that the media
generally are dealing with appropriately?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> Going back to Bridgend,
every time we contacted the newspapers, and again through work
with the PCC, we were able to get messages back to the editors
that we wanted them to make sure that in every piece that they
were writing they were putting sources of support at the bottom.
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q242 Helen Southworth:</b> Were they
doing that without your contact?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> It has been an ongoing
piece of work we have done with them for many years and Bridgend
just meant that we could actually push that issue home.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q243 Helen Southworth:</b> When the Bridgend
issue was coming out, were people putting at the end of the pieces
sources of support?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> In the majority of
the cases, yes.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q244 Helen Southworth:</b> Were there
any examples of where they were not or were you content with the
full coverage?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> Off the top of my head
I cannot recall but I could check that. I feel in most of the
cases people were either giving out the Samaritans' or the PAPYRUS
number and on broadcasting, if it was appropriate, they would
give out the name of the BBC action line. You asked me a question
about the families. The impact on families is devastating. I still
feel very touched by that families' meeting I went to. Hearing
the families' stories was one of the most moving things I have
ever heard. I have had similar meetings in Northern Ireland where
families there have also been bereaved in these circumstances.
What struck me about the families is they had a belief in the
media. They had a belief in the press that they could help and
I think sometimes some of those families felt betrayed but maybe
that is too strong a word. I think they were looking for support
and they were talking to people. Some of those families came out
of the experience feeling that the media had let them down.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q245 Janet Anderson:</b> You mentioned
the meeting in Bridgend but that did not take place until May
and the suicides had started in January. Sir Christopher Meyer
was asked if he felt the PCC had been too late in going down there
and he said "We should have been down there earlier."
Do you think the PCC were a bit slow in getting involved or were
you happy with what they were doing?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> My recollection of
the dates has got a bit fuzzy. I was in Wales quite a lot at that
time and continue to travel to work with the Assembly and with
my Samaritans colleagues there. I thought there was a meeting
in February with the PCC but I would have to check my records
because I have not brought them with me. They did hold an open
day in Bridgend. They had a families' meeting and they had a number
of meetings across the day. I thought that was February but I
would have to check.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="n1"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/9031903.htm#note1">1</a>]
</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q246 Janet Anderson:</b> If you could check
that because our information was that was in May and if that was
the case that was a bit late. Generally you think they did get
involved at an early stage and their involvement was helpful.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> The involvement of
the PCC was not initiated by us. We were busy at the time trying
to support our volunteers inside Bridgend County to develop an
intervention they were doing called Feet on the Streets which
was about them doing outreach in the community so our focus was
there. We were also very caught up in talking to the media. I
would say actually a lot of the pressure put on the PCC probably
came from Madeleine Moon MP in terms of her desire to see some
action taken there.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q247 Janet Anderson:</b> Do you think
Madeleine should have had to put that pressure on in order to
make them act or should they have been more proactive?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> Other witnesses have
spoken about the role of the PCC and why it sometimes is not proactive.
I am really not familiar enough with the situation. I feel once
they got involved they were helpful. If they had been involved
sooner, I think what probably would have happened is that the
desist notices that they helped get to editors would have happened
sooner and that would have been helpful.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q248 Paul Farrelly:</b> I want to try
and set the context in which the press reporting happens before
I ask a couple more questions about the PCC. In 20 months there
were 23 suicides, according to the briefing we have here, in and
around Bridgend. Is that statistic in any way out of the ordinary
in the sense that there may be in one area one suicide in 20 months
or two or three but in many places around the country at some
point there will statistically randomly be 20 or 25? Was there
anything more to the suicides in Bridgend that was more than randomly
out of the ordinary?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> My understanding of
the figures is in terms of the deaths there were six in 2007 and
19 in 2008. I would have to check those figures but there were
also a number of other deaths but because they did not happen
in the under-28 age group they were not reported in the same way.
Looking back at the figures from where I am now, yes it is a significant
number and it is out of the ordinary.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q249 Paul Farrelly:</b> Is it more than
randomly out of the ordinary?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I do not know what
you mean by randomly out of the ordinary.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q250 Paul Farrelly:</b> Let us take tossing
a coin. On average the number of heads and tails will even out
over a long period but at some stage, even though it looks in
terms of probability something funny is going on, you might get
a run of 20 or 30 heads. If you take the whole sample it is a
large number but it is not out of the ordinary because it is random.
That is what I am trying to get at. Was it anything more than
random and were they connected? I want to come to the thesis the
press were reporting.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> Initially it was not
possible to say whether it was out of the ordinary in that respect.
As the situation progressed, we felt that it was a suicide cluster
and various people have spoken about the "Werther effect".
We did begin to believe that it was a suicide cluster so that
is therefore something which is not random. There is a process
by which that is occurring but it is an under-researched area.
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q251 Paul Farrelly:</b> Is there any
evidence that thesis is correct?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> At this point that
is still being developed.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="n2"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/9031903.htm#note2">2</a>]
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q252 Chairman:</b> Have there been other
suicide clusters? It is a recognised phenomenon.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan</b></i>: Yes.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q253 Paul Farrelly:</b> Like people getting
brain tumours, it happens in clusters. It could be statistically
random but some people associate it with electricity pylons. They
make a connection that may or may not be justified. Was it your
belief that there may be a suicide cluster encouraged by press
reporting?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> No, I think we felt
that it may have been a suicide cluster prior to significant media
reporting. Again, I refer to the need for research. We know that
there is some research taking place at the University of Swansea
on the impact of the media. I feel it is better to wait for that
research to come out to see if there are any direct links between
media reporting and further suicides.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q254 Paul Farrelly:</b> From what I am
hearing now it may well have been a legitimate avenue of inquiry
and thesis for the media to explore that there may well be suicide
pacts encouraged by possible social networking.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> We looked at the issue
of suicide pacts and I do not think there was any evidence of
suicide pacts.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q255 Paul Farrelly:</b> What do you mean
by suicide cluster?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> A suicide cluster is
when within a given locality you will see a pattern of suicides
taking place. That is what happened within Bridgend County. We
saw within a distinct locality that there were a significant number
of suicides taking place within a distinct period.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q256 Paul Farrelly:</b> You used the
word cluster and you used the word pact.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> Did you say pact or
pattern?</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q257 Paul Farrelly:</b> I asked what
a cluster was and you answered with the word pattern but that
begs the question what do you mean by pattern?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> A pattern is a number,
a distribution, how those happen within that locality within that
time frame.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q258 Paul Farrelly:</b> This goes back
to the original statistical question: there may be nothing in
it. It may be just a statistical random aberration.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> It may be but I would
look towards the research which is currently taking place to see
if that is the case.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q259 Paul Farrelly:</b> You have reached
the concerns whether there may be links and you have undertaken
that research now, but you say you may have thought that before
the press reporting encouraged it. The press could say it was
a legitimate avenue of inquiry, particularly with the growth of
social networking sites, as to whether this statistically large
number of people and their suicides were connected and whether
social networking was in some way responsible or encouraging.
They might say it was legitimate to follow that line of inquiry
in the public interest.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan</b></i>: They might.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q260 Paul Farrelly:</b> What would you
say to that?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> There were a number
of lines of inquiry taking place at the time.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q261 Paul Farrelly:</b> It is a line
of inquiry that you are pursuing internally?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> In terms of the research,
it is looking at what were the links if any. Yes, it is a legitimate
line of inquiry to look at: does this phenomenon called social
networking have an impact but it is similar to the same questions
we have asked about whether television and broadcasting have an
impact. We have had some research on that so I think it is a legitimate
line of inquiry, yes.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q262 Paul Farrelly:</b> Do you think
that in the reporting the reporting went from what you might say
is a legitimate speculation overstepping the mark and asserting
things that could not be supported by the evidence, that there
were pacts, and therefore it was irresponsible in that respect?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I do not recall that
many reports talking about suicide pacts.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q263 Paul Farrelly:</b> This is what
stands out in my mind from the memory of the reporting.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> There were obviously
some reports about the relationships between people. Whether there
was interaction there or not I have not heard and I think that
is yet to be established.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q264 Paul Farrelly:</b> To your recollection,
was there any single newspaper, or one or two newspapers, that
were pursuing the story in such a way that it became incumbent
on other media and newspapers to follow them?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I do not think so.
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q265 Paul Farrelly:</b> Was there one
newspaper like the <i>Daily Mail</i> or the <i>Daily Express</i>?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> My recollection is
there was not. I think it was a story which captured national
attention and many of the papers were interested in the issue.
In terms of our press office, I would have to go back and check
how many inquiries we were getting from separate newspapers. I
think they came from across the titles.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q266 Paul Farrelly:</b> The PCC has shown
us examples of a procedure called desist notices. They have told
us that everyone has always observed the desist notice. It begs
the question as to whether they have a conversation beforehand
and ask will you observe it if we issue a desist notice. That
is something we will talk to them about. Did the PCC issue any
desist notices, to your knowledge, in this situation?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> My understanding was
that the PCC did issue desist notices to editors about the re-publication
of photographs and that was following the meeting in Bridgend
with the families.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q267 Paul Farrelly:</b> Was that notice
respected?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I believe so.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q268 Rosemary McKenna:</b> Have there
been any further suicides since the end of 2008 and have they
been reported differently?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> There were some suicides
over Christmas and New Year which Members may have heard about.
We think they have been reported differently. They have been more
low key. I think they have been appropriate in that they have
not given explicit detail, which is one of the considerations
that we do ask of reporters in this matter. Some of the lessons
are being learned. I raised this point earlier but what is important
for Samaritans is to ensure that the lessons of Bridgend are properly
picked up on in terms of the work with the PCC. We see that as
one avenue to make sure that redress can be developed. I think
it is more important for us now to work with the Code Committee
to make sure that there are opportunities to actually engage in
the development of future codes to make sure that they are actually
addressing these issues in quite strong detail.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q269 Philip Davies:</b> I was interested
when you were answering Paul's questions about this concept of
cluster suicides. It is a well known phenomenon. I did not know
it was but obviously it is. We are focusing here on Bridgend but
has the reporting of Bridgend been totally different from the
media reporting regarding other cluster suicides? Where you do
get a cluster in an area has the reporting of that in other places
been the same as what took place in Bridgend or has the reporting
of the Bridgend one been completely different to the reporting
of any other cluster suicides?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I think Bridgend was
a phenomenon. I would hope it was a singular event. The previous
cluster that I am familiar with was in Craigavon in Northern Ireland
about a year previously. That was quite significantly reported
in the Northern Irish press and did hit the national news in the
UK but it did not have the same impact as Bridgend did. I am not
sure what the reasons for that were and I would hope that would
be explored in the research. Bridgend was a particular event.
Since Bridgend there have not been, as far as I can recall, any
significant suicide clusters. There have been a number of other
high profile suicides that we have talked to the PCC and editors
about, again about the detail used in a story, the language and
the imagery used. This is the issue about why article 5(ii) needs
to be explored and expanded in the Code. I am not sure how far
I can talk about other examples but we have recently talked to
the PCC about some cases of murder suicide where we have felt
that there has been explicit detail. One of the anomalies we are
starting to look at is whether innovative, novel, graphic methods
of death are more likely to affect vulnerable people than talking
about imagery and methods of death which are more open and accessible
to people. I reflect this in passing, say between portable power
tools and people's school ties. If they are referred to in the
story, do those different methods have different impacts on the
audiences?</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q270 Philip Davies:</b> In terms of cluster
suicides and what might be expected when you get them and the
factors in them, with the Bridgend ones was the fact they were
so young a special factor or would that be the age range in which
lots of people do commit suicide? Was the age of the people one
of the factors that would have alerted a big press interest?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I think so. One of
the things we know about vulnerable groups in Wales is that it
is not necessarily that suicide across Wales is higher than the
other UK nations but that there are hard to reach groups within
that nation. The 16-25 age group was seen as a particular risk.
What is interesting though is these other suicides over the age
of 28 that I referred to they have not been reported in the same
way. We are looking at something like 14 suicides which were not
reported in the same way because they were over that age.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q271 Philip Davies:</b> Is it more distressing
to the family to have reported the suicides of children? It seems
to me that potentially it may well be more distressing for the
families of a child who has committed suicide and equally that
could be of more interest to the media. You have this double whammy
that it is more tragic in many respects for the families because
it was somebody so young that had done this and that is made worse
by the fact the press are more interested in it because it is
somebody so young.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> There is no doubt that
the death of a child does have an impact on a family member. The
majority of people in the country have families and children and
those sorts of stories will have an impact without a doubt. Could
I ask the Committee one favour? One of the things we ask people
who talk about suicide not to do is say "commit suicide".
Because it is not a criminal act we feel that the connotations
of saying "commit" with the word "suicide"
do actually continue the stigma. We prefer to say people who take
their own life.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q272 Alan Keen:</b> There are lots of
feelings put forward about the media; that they made it into a
story because it looked like one was affecting the other. My feeling
as they stand at the moment is there is something in the fact
that one person who is that sort of individual and is close to
considering taking their own life we could not argue that they
would not be influenced by this but the evidence is far from convincing.
What is your feeling? Are you getting towards feeling that maybe
there is a case for an authority, the PCC, needing to be able
to step in and stop the reporting or are you completely unconvinced
of that? How do you feel now?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> We have always supported
the reporting of suicide because we think it is an under-discussed
issue. The press, the media, are a good channel for getting this
topic discussed so we do not want to see a ban on suicide reporting.
Norway tried that route but have now stepped back from it. We
think that the topic should be open for discussion. What we welcomed
from the PCC was the use of desist notices, where I was told they
were being used, in order to reduce the pain upon the families
from seeing photographs re-produced ***. There were issues raised
by the families that these photographs were photographs that did
not really represent the person; they were almost a persona used
for social networking sites. It is a balance between the two.
We do need to make sure that this issue continues to be discussed.
Our role again on this was to make sure that the issues being
discussed were the right issues. We have talked about some of
the less developed theories about why these things happened. There
were discussions about this being caused by electricity pylons
which were disputed ***. Perhaps in those circumstances it is
important that we can continue to work with the papers, particularly
locally, to say "What has that actually done to help with
this problem?"</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q273 Alan Keen:</b> Did most of the press
or all of the press actually say there is a possible danger here,
can we help, or did they just report it to get headlines? Were
the press responsible when they reported these things and the
possible links? Did they, at the same time, say this is where
you go for help?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> Yes, they did do that.
It is that issue of ensuring that whenever we were being interviewed
we always made sure we were telling people our telephone number,
telling people the website address, but also asking the editors,
and the readers' editors as well, to actually work within the
paper to ensure that those sources of support were being put in
the papers whenever the story was discussed.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q274 Alan Keen:</b> Your feeling is that
we do not have to recommend anything further. You would rather
that your help continued to be there in the future or do you think
there is something you would like us to actually say?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> If there is a recommendation
or if there is something that Samaritans would like to see, I
think it does come into the issue of regulation and it is about
the development of the Code. I am sure the Committee are familiar
with the report from the Media Standards Trust: <i>A More Accountable
Press. </i>There are some useful ideas in there which could be
looked at. It is only part one of the report which is out so far
so it is difficult to talk on part of a report but it does point
towards the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) and their CAP
Code. The CAP Code is coordinated by a lay chairperson and a criticism
often put to the Code Committee is that it is put together by
journalists, for journalists. I think if we could look at having
more lay involvement in the development of that Code and could
feed in at an earlier process, that would be useful from our own
perspective to make sure that the issues are being discussed more
openly and fully.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q275 Helen Southworth:</b> You have raised
the detail of information that was given. Would you be able to
send us something that would specify some of the areas of concern
that you have? If you have time, could you look at it and decide
which issues would be most suitable to let us have.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Langan:</b></i> I may need to check
the details with you but I am sure I can help you.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="n3"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/9031904.htm#note3">3</a>]
</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/9031905.htm"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mr TimFuller (père de victime)</span></span></a>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <b>Q276 Chairman:</b> Mr Fuller, good morning.
We have been hearing from Anthony Langan of the Samaritans. Would
it be all right if he continued to stay?</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller</b></i>: Yes.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Chairman:</b> Can I thank you very much for
coming to talk to the Committee this morning. As you know, we
are conducting an inquiry into the general standards of the press
and privacy intrusion. We have focused particularly on what happened
in Bridgend and the way it was reported and we would be very keen
to hear from you. Can I express, on behalf of the whole of the
Committee, our sympathy with your loss?</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q277 Rosemary McKenna:</b> Good morning,
Mr Fuller and thank you again. Could you describe to us the interaction
that you had with the media, with the press, following your daughter's
death?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I have been reviewing
the whole process on the way down because there is more than just
what happened after the article. If I analyse the whole scenario,
it started on the day I went down to Bridgend. I live in Derbyshire
and I went down to Bridgend to see the police and identify Angeline
and so forth. The press were waiting to get the story out. I went
the day after she died so the press were keen to get the details
of who it was, where it was and get the address. The Coroner was
very good, very accommodating, and would not release that information
until after he spent time with myself. It was at the end of that
session with the police when that was wrapped up and I was ready
to go home the police and the Coroner let me know that they had
released the details of the name and address of my daughter and
advised that unless I could handle it not to go anywhere near
the address because there were cameras and press and all sorts
there. At the time I was OK with it. It had been a long hard day
and I was ready to get back. I had children at home being looked
after that I wanted to get back to. It did block that opportunity
to go back perhaps to the scene if I felt that way. In hindsight
I wondered why I did not do it. Would I have done it given the
opportunity? Probably on the day I would not have done but on
reflection for other people as well the fact that all that was
going on there if you really felt you wanted to go and have look
at what happened, maybe pick up one or two things, I was really
advised that unless I could handle people coming for information
that would not be a good idea. That is where it started. I was
told that the press and the media were free to release that information
and report on it and were likely to do so very soon. One thing
I found was I was frantically making phone calls to people that
perhaps I would not speak to for two or three days. Maybe if they
put the news on and they have children they would pick the papers
up the next morning and they would see all this information. I
felt I wanted to let them know myself rather than seeing it firsthand
in the media. I was put under pressure there. It took away from
me the opportunity to let people know what had happened. I am
not saying it should not have been reported on but that is the
effect it had. I was forced into a panic situation. A close family
member and myself spent a few hours on the internet that evening
looking at all the newspaper sites to see what they were saying.
We discovered one of them had a front page feature so first thing
in the morning there were one or two people I needed to let know
straight away because on the way to work they would see this and
buy a paper and they would be faced with this. It put a lot of
pressure on me. I understand the way the media needs to work.
There is no point reporting something that happened a week ago
as it is old news but it had an effect on me.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q278 Rosemary McKenna:</b> Do you think
the Coroner's office could have kept that information for another
day? Would that have been helpful?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> It would have been
useful from my perspective. I do not know if that is fair on the
media to do that. In perspective, if it happened somewhere else
in the country there would not have been this great interest but
it was because it was Bridgend. She had not been there long. She
had lived there about 18 months so in a way she was an outsider.
As soon as I heard what had happened it did not take me long to
realise she is in Bridgend and it will be everywhere which it
was in a short time. It was because of the magnitude of the story
and the history that what was actually a detached case became
part of a growing story.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q279 Rosemary McKenna:</b> Did the press
speak to you?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> No. The police asked
me if I wanted the statement issued from them and for the press
to stay away and they did that and nobody contacted me. We did
not get any intrusion. Somebody knocked on my door the next evening
and we were sure at the time that he was an <i>Express</i> reporter
but on reflection he could have been from the <i>Stockport Express.</i>
A few months before I had set up my own company so I am prepared
to accept that in the heat of the moment I may have sent him away
saying he should not be there. I cannot say. I may have had a
<i>Daily Express</i> reporter on the doorstep but it may have
been coincidence that somebody did turn up. Aside from that I
rang the police liaison and they said if somebody approaches you
from the press and you ask them to leave because they should not
be there and they go there is nothing more that can be done. They
cannot pursue it. I did not have any more interaction with the
press apart from the fact that whenever anything else happened
in Bridgend the whole story was related again. I think the meeting
was called in Bridgend. I was invited to attend a meeting with
the PCC but because of the distance and taking a whole day out
from what I could cover in 15 minutes at the time I wrote to Steve
Abell at the Press Complaints Commission. I did not attend the
meeting. I had some feedback from that and he asked me for a statement
to forward to the newspaper. I have brought it with me. If you
want any of the paperwork I am quite happy for you to have a copy
of what I said to Steve Abell which he passed on to the <i>Daily
Express</i>. Through him they apologised for certain content and
the way it was reported although they do not feel that they overstepped
any lines. Aside from that I have not had any major problems.
It is just the issue of the way it has left me feeling for myself
and the empathy I feel for other families. A few weeks after Angeline's
death—I cannot remember all the details—there was
a girl who died. I am not sure if she fell from a balcony or what
the circumstances were but it was believed she was bullied or
something. She was a lovely girl and her picture was on the front
page of the newspaper. To me I did not need to see the picture.
She was a lovely girl and it made the story. If they had said
this had happened and the tragic circumstances and she is dead,
that for me, as a non-family member and not knowing this girl,
that would have been sufficient. I knew at that point, because
of what I had been through, all her family and close friends would
be seeing their daughter and knowing their daughter's picture
was in millions of households of total strangers up and down the
country. It was the front page as well which is really what exacerbates
it. I mentioned in my letter to Mr Abell that just about every
newspaper carried the report on Angeline's death from the small
ones to the broadsheets but they were contained inside. It was
only the <i>Daily Express</i> that had the front page article. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q280 Mr Hall:</b> You had the initial
impact of the coroner releasing the details of your daughter's
death and the press clamour. You have advised the Committee that
there were subsequent repeat reporting of the circumstances and
the way the <i>Daily Express</i> treated the story. We know that
you made a complaint to the PCC and they upheld the complaint
and you received an apology. Would you say a few words for the
Committee about how the reporting affected you and your family?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> We accepted that people
would get to know about it. I tend to be quite a realistic person.
From the point of view of the fact this Bridgend saga, if I can
call it that, had been going on for a while was public interest,
we could not get away from the fact that it would be reported.
We knew we would have to take some distress from that. I think
the way it came across was quite intrusive. Are you familiar with
the <i>Daily Express</i> article? Would it be of any help if I
passed that out? I have here the letter I wrote to Mr Abell and
the apology as it appears on the internet—it is not a direct
apology to myself, just the resolution—and the strips on
the front page article from the <i>Daily Express.</i> As we started
to read through some of the reports, there was one close friend
of Angeline who thought she was speaking to the police when in
fact she was speaking to a reporter. She was quoted giving information
about the family, her stepsisters, also personal information about
mental health issues that she had and that was part of my complaint.
A doctor would not divulge that sort of information so no way
should that have been on the front page of the newspaper.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q281 Chairman:</b> When you say she thought
she was talking to the police, was that because the person made
out they were police?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I could not say but
for whatever reason she felt she was giving information to the
police. She may not have been deliberately misled but maybe if
someone said "We are investigating the situation" she
probably would have thought it was official. I made a few points
that maybe I could raise today. When the reporter quotes the words
of somebody else, does that take the responsibility off the reporter
for saying those things? I feel that it should not but I feel
it did in this instance. If I can give an example, in the article,
and in the response as well, from the <i>Daily Express</i> they
say that they did not give specific details of the method used
and they are allowed to say that she was found hanging and that
was the nature of her death. They said they gave no more details
about how that happened but within the article they quoted the
mother of the previous victim who actually described that they
found him hanging and he had used his dressing gown cord and they
found him hanging from the framework of a built-in wardrobe they
were having constructed which to me is quite specific. This other
lady may well have said that in conversation. Sometimes when you
are talking to someone informally you do give information but
I do feel that should have been edited. That sort of detail did
not need to be there. It was about somebody else. I do not know
whether Angeline would have read that information printed beforehand
but Angeline too used a dressing gown cord so we just have this
thought. I do believe that some of these youngsters were influenced
by the publicity, not of the minute detail but the method. A big
question has been asked why all bar one of the victims used hanging
as their form of death. The question is why, because people who
commit suicide or are desperate, in my view, go through a process
of thinking how shall I do it; is it going to hurt; will I suffer.
There can be a desperate moment and I am sure all of them suffered
that desperate moment where you do not care what you do and it
just happens but the questions other people are asking is why
did they all choose this method. Angeline was reported as number
14. How many do you need to go down the line saying they hanged
themselves, they hanged themselves, they hanged themselves? If
somebody is thinking "I want help, what do I do" is
it not known to be the way to do it? I notice articles more recently
have said harmed themselves. Somebody was rushed to hospital and
died as a consequence of harming themselves. You think they have
harmed themselves, what did they do? You are none the wiser whether
they cut themselves, took an overdose, tried to hang themselves
or what. To me personally I feel that is as far as it should go
into these instances. If you want to say it is self-harm, it does
not give any clues to anybody else as to what happened. If somebody
is in a vulnerable situation, mentally unbalanced, they have got
problems, suicidal tendencies, they are going to be thinking about
what to do. As I said, Angeline was fairly new to Bridgend but
she had friends. If she is reading that this is how it is done,
it obviously succeeds because they died, it was reported on; they
got the publicity. Whether the memorial pages on the internet
have any bearing it is not for me to say. They are there. Various
people have views on that.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q282 Chairman:</b> One of the things
we have heard, which is certainly distressing to some families
in Bridgend, was the fact that not only did they have to cope
with the press coverage immediately after the suicide occurred
but it kept coming back because every time another one occurred
all the pictures of the previous people who have taken their own
life were reproduced. Just as you were trying to come to terms
with it suddenly the whole thing is back seeing the pictures again
in the newspapers.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> That is right. I am
grateful for the work that has been done to get rid of those pictures
and stop that happening. Obviously it is an ongoing situation.
There is talk of suicide clusters and so forth. It is not for
me to say how these things exist and what the mechanics are but
this article in the <i>Daily Express</i> again at the end listed
the names of all the others so far. We did not have the picture
gallery in that article. One big concern we had was my eldest
son is eight; he was seven at the time. We brought him home from
school and somebody else had my other two children at the time.
We sat him down and said what had happened, that she was poorly.
She had mental health problems to some degree. We do not know
all the circumstances that caused it; the inquest is still ongoing.
We wanted to help him deal with that situation. The big fear to
us was that it was in the news. We kept him away from the television
and newspapers for week or so while this the story was running
its course but whenever another incident happened in Bridgend
not only did we have the repercussion of the whole thing being
replayed with all the names and pictures but there was the idea
of what if this pops up on the screen or if there is a newspaper
laying around and one of the children see it. In time they will
come to know what happened and understand and deal with it in
their own way but you cannot shield them from something that keeps
coming up like that. I believe some work has been done. Those
pictures have gone now. That is very distressing and I feel quite
indignant that was allowed to go on. There did not seem to be
any sensitivity there for the purpose of the report. Of course
it adds to the impact of the article and maybe it would to someone
who was detached from the family.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q283 Chairman:</b> The picture of your
daughter that did appear, how did the newspapers come by that?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I do not know. It is
interesting that the same picture seems to appear in both of the
newspapers. I think overall there are only two pictures. The third
one appeared later on.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q284 Chairman:</b> Had you seen it before?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I had not. I had not
seen Angeline for quite a while. It was a picture with her boyfriend
Joel. I would imagine that somebody has given a picture or it
could have been lifted from an internet site. It was very widely
circulated. I was surprised that all the various different newspapers
got the same picture which makes me feel that it was perhaps taken
from somewhere rather than given to a reporter.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q285 Chairman:</b> Was she on a social
networking site?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I believe she was on
three: Bebo, Facebook and Myspace. One had not been used for some
time but Myspace she was using regularly. I used to keep an eye
on it in a Dad kind of way to see what was on the front page.
There is a little bit where you can say what your mood is with
a photograph and things like that knowing that she had been struggling.
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q286 Chairman:</b> To that extent her
being on the social network site actually helped you.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> Up to a stage. You
may be aware that you can shut down correspondence and hide it
to selected friends on the internet site. At one stage it was
open so I was able to see who she was corresponding with and the
kind of conversations that were going on, the sort of intrusive
things that Dads do. Then it shut down and went private sometime
before this happened so all I could see was the little bit you
fill in with what mood you are in, snippets that are made public
to everybody and a photograph. I could see she was drinking, that
was obvious from the photograph she put on there. I would say
the photographs that were used were not complimentary. They were
not ones we would have chosen to give if we were asked. Because
they were used in so many different arenas I do not know where
it came from but I get the feeling if everybody has the same photograph
it was not given by one person to one reporter.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q287 Chairman:</b> When you say it was
not the one you would have chosen if asked, would you have been
willing to provide a photograph, given there were going to be
photographs that would appear, that you would like to have seen?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> If we had been offered
a process perhaps rather than faced with the media as an entity,
if there was a channel through the police with one person perhaps
with the family liaison. My sister had correspondence with the
press when her son died unfortunately. It was two years before.
He was 18 on his way to college and died in a car crash so a totally
different set of circumstances. She had dealings with the press
managed by the police family liaison officer and she was able
to vet all the articles that came out from the local press. She
chose the photographs and all this kind of thing and it was controlled.
As a result she ended up working with a police charity helping
others who have been in similar situations and lost children in
road accidents. We were never given that opportunity. We knew
because of the Bridgend situation this was going to get headlines.
It could not help but hit the headlines. I am not daft enough
to think that I could put my head above the trenches and speak
to one. In fact it was said to me when I suggested would it help
to perhaps give my views on what could be done to someone in the
media I was cautioned that if you make it known that I am willing
to speak they cannot then say to other members of the media do
not speak to him. It would not be fair. I had to do an all or
nothing approach. It would perhaps be nice to have a controlled
report knowing that there was a need to report this in the context
of everything else. If it had happened in her home town of Shrewsbury
it probably would have been contained in the local newspaper but
because it was Bridgend it had to go a lot wider and that is why
we lost control. If we were still in the Shropshire area we probably
would have had a call personally from the <i>Shropshire Star.</i>
That is how it would have worked.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q288 Chairman:</b> It is an interesting
thought. Do you think that there could be an extension of the
role of the PCC, that they might actually offer a service to people
who suddenly find themselves having to deal with the media having
never had experience and providing advice about what they should
provide, what their rights are in saying no? Do you think that
would be helpful?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> Yes, I think so. Basically
the advice we got was through the coroner and the police. Sometime
later the PCC started after this meeting was held in Bridgend
with the various parents. You do feel that you are suddenly dealing
with an unknown entity and you do not have any time to think about
it. The only way I could deal with it was to sit outside the police
station, before I started my journey back home, phoning work colleagues
and family friends saying that I have something terrible to tell,
stop stirring the dinner. It is the end of the day and I have
to tell you something horrible but I need to tell you now because
you might see it on the evening news. I was not given any direction
apart from they are up at the house, if you do not want to get
involved do not go up there. As I say, we started surfing the
internet to see what the newspapers were about to publish.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q289 Chairman:</b> You did choose to
make a complaint against the newspaper. Were you satisfied with
the way that was handled and the outcome of the complaint?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I think I could have
pursued it a bit further. I have mentioned about the material
that was quoted which give more details which were unnecessary.
I was resigned to the fact that it happened. It was months ago,
people have probably forgotten about it apart from those involved
in the case. The cynical side of me says they have said sorry
but what is going to stop it happening again. They will slip up
and put something else on the front page. They will cross the
line and somebody will say they do not like it and they will say
sorry and go away. I did not feel I could achieve an awful lot
more. I was happy to say fair enough the flag has been raised.
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q290 Paul Farrelly:</b> Was there a specific
thing that led you to complain and say enough is enough?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> Yes. Originally I was
not going to complain and I was going to let it go. This is what
happens when you get printed and we are not happy about it but
when the meeting was called with the PCC I thought I could contribute
something here. I know a lot of people have been affected by this
media publicity. I was concerned that this friend of Angeline's
had mentioned that she had tried to commit suicide twice before
and she suffered from depression and that was included in the
article. It was also included in bold the quotation half-way through
the script, which you will see it on the print-out that comes
around, that she tried to commit suicide twice before. To me that
is personal information. They also published that her boyfriend
she was living with was being treated for stress and anxiety and
was unemployed which I felt very strongly about from a number
of angles. That is personal information they had no right to give.
Also he lived in a small community and, first, he has to get over
Angeline's death, he found her there. How does anybody deal with
that? He has to rebuild his life and he is looking for work or
whatever to stabilise himself in that area but everybody has read
in the newspaper he suffers from anxiety and depression. It could
be a negative side to his character.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q291 Paul Farrelly:</b> Did inaccuracy
play any part in your decision to go the Press Complaints Commission?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> Yes, because it was
on the front page and the headline actually said "internet
cult death number 14". I did feel strongly about that because
in all the other cases it had been established there was a question
raised quite early on because these individuals had got social
websites, they had put their profiles on there, one or two of
them from Bridgend chatted to each other, surprise, surprise,
that maybe they were linked and that is why they followed this
course but the coroner and the police had on a number of occasions
said they were convinced this was not behind it and that they
were all individual cases. They reported Angeline had only been
in Bridgend for a couple of years at most. I think it was in the
same article the police had not made any connection between this
and the other victims. Why put on the front page there is an internet
cult situation? I looked up the definition of the word "cult"
so I was not making stories in my own head. It gives the impression
that individuals are in a little community of their own, perhaps
talking about how they can take their life and get this glorification
on the website which was not the case. It was definitely a question.
I am quite happy to accept that there was a question mark over
whether any of this was fed by association on the internet but
the way it was presented was that Angeline was part of a group
of youngsters, almost as if this was already established. Here
is another one. This internet cult thing has taken another victim.
How many youngsters have a mobile phone but none of the articles
said all these victims had a mobile phone. Is there a mobile phone
death cult going on? The youngsters do use these internet sites
as much as they use a mobile phone, perhaps even more because
it is free once you are on-line.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q292 Paul Farrelly:</b> The <i>Daily
Express</i> apologised to you. Did that apology actually affect
the behaviour of the <i>Daily Express</i>?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I have no idea.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q293 Paul Farrelly:</b> Did it affect
the behaviour of the reporting afterwards of other newspapers?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I would like to think
it did. I did notice one or two newspapers using the phrase "harmed
themselves" but then more recently there has been another
incident and told the individual hanged themselves. I could not
say whether it has any lasting effect. The apology came in the
form of a letter back to Mr Abell from their legal adviser who
said they had sent information back around to the reporters how
they were supposed to conduct themselves. They did not feel they
had included excessive detail. I would disagree with that but
I felt it was not worth taking any further. They did include more
details in the quotation from somebody else. The items I have
mentioned to you about personal details about Angeline's medical
history and Joel's personal situation, the apology came in a paragraph
in that letter which said we cannot really justify the inclusion
and we apologise to Mr Fuller for all that. I did not get anything
directly; it just came through this.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q294 Paul Farrelly:</b> The 16-year-old
son of my children's godfather died in a tragic accident on New
Year's Eve while messing around on a railway station. That made
the local and the national press. I looked on the website of the
local newspaper in the area and I was upset. I cannot imagine
how my friend and people in families like yourselves would have
felt about some of the comments that were made from members of
the public on the story because the commentary invited views.
Did you see any offensive comments that were run on websites belonging
to the newspaper?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I would not say they
were offensive. One thing that has concerned me on the subject
of the websites is the fact that some work has been done behind
the scenes with the police and the ISPs, the internet Service
Providers, to have the pages removed. The only way to get back
onto these sites is to log into them and delete them and of course
once you are dead you cannot do that. Parents cannot do it and
nobody else can do it. Some work has been done to have these personal
sites removed. What has happened is in creating these memorial
sites one way or another the person has managed to take a copy
of the picture and the comments of that individual, in this case
my daughter, and recreate that web page, but instead of having
the conversations of that person you have tributes coming in.
There is one in particular which comes up. Somebody has built
this memorial garden. It is not for me to say as it may help millions
of the people throughout the world because she has millions of
things set up. She must devote hours and hours to setting these
up for people all around the world who have lost loved ones. In
my case just reviewing it there are two tributes which have appeared
on the site from people she knew and the rest of them are from
individuals on the other side of the world. You can tell from
the comments that they have no connection with Angeline whatsoever.
In a callous type of way what are they doing, just surfing this
site, picking up the name of someone they do not even know and
saying "God Bless. Peace you little angel. You are beautiful"?
I am not saying it is not a well meant thing, and maybe some people
specifically look at these to give condolence, but to me it is
meaningless. I do feel a bit put out that somebody can set this
up as a memorial to Angeline and anybody out there can post something
on it. I do not think we have any control over that. If I decided
to set up a memorial site for my daughter, I would not want other
relatives saying of the ISP take it down because it is mine, I
own it, it is my daughter and friends and family can put comments
on it, but when somebody totally unrelated does is it how can
you stop it? That troubles me but I have to let that go on out
there somewhere.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q295 Janet Anderson:</b> Could I ask
you about the meeting that the PCC called in Bridgend. I think
you said this was the first contact you had with the PCC, is that
right?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I am not sure if it
is direct contact with the PCC. I was invited to join in the meeting
as all the parents were invited.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q296 Janet Anderson:</b> Who invited
you?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I think it came from
Madeleine Moon's office via the police. There was a bit of a data
protection issue when the whole thing started. The police held
my name and address and Angeline's mother's name and address so
any correspondence initially went out through them. I think that
is how I originally got the invitation.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q297 Janet Anderson:</b> How long was
that after your daughter's death?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I cannot remember.
She died in February and it was about May some time.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q298 Janet Anderson:</b> That is what
made you aware of the PCC and was it following that that you decided
to complain?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> It was. I did feel
that if it was closer I would have given up the time and gone
along, partly to be with the other parents as they are going through
the same thing and to express my views and give support to what
they were going to say. I think I had already got the gist of
what they were trying to achieve because of the individual complaints.
The press had reported the incidents but they had also reported
the repercussions, the complaints that were being made by various
parents saying we are not happy with this, that and the other
being reported and things on the internet to that effect as well.
It would have been an opportunity for me to say what I am saying
here today, how it affected me and maybe things do need to be
changed.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q299 Janet Anderson:</b> Your daughter
died in February and that is when the distressing press coverage
started. Were you at that stage aware you could have complained
to the PCC?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I knew I could. I knew
there was a PCC. I could have asked at the time but it was not
a priority in the scheme of things. Realistically I felt that
I could say something but may be it would drag things further
than they need to. It was an article that was written. Most people
would not know Angeline. Those who do know her were affected and
upset by the article but as the weeks and months go by the people
who did not know her would forget about it. They would know there
were a lot of incidents in Bridgend but they would not think Angeline
Fuller necessarily even though it was on the front page. I just
thought let it go. The importance of something like this and the
PCC meeting is to focus in on it. It is not the general public
that can let it go; it is the people that are really affected.
I do feel that is important. I am happy to contribute here. I
would have contributed the same but it was a three or four hour
journey away from home.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Q300 Janet Anderson:</b> When you say
the meeting was in May, that was a long time after this started.
Do you think they should have done that sooner?
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> Maybe so. Maybe it
should have been done after suicide number five. There was another
incident a week or two after Angeline and then others cropped
up during the subsequent months. A lot of work has been done.
At the time everybody was at a bit of a loss. The Health Service
was at a loss because this was going on in our community. Why
are these people not being helped? Anyone in a normal state of
mind does not take their life so what have we missed? The press
had built their story from these incidents and it was obviously
mushrooming. It is great if you have a story that you can add
incidents to. From the point of building a story it is great because
it keeps it going but it is a very personal and sensitive story.
It is not about old buildings falling down or car crashes; it
is something sensitive and horrible. Maybe the PCC could have
done something earlier. Maybe somebody did not raise the flag.
</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q301 Paul Farrelly:</b> Have you looked
back over the coverage from when it started before your daughter's
death at all?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> The only thing I have
done is try to see whether there were Coroner's Inquest reports.
Occasionally I have looked over the internet to see if there is
anything.</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Q302 Paul Farrelly:</b> From your experience
was there one newspaper driving this?
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i><b>Mr Fuller:</b></i> I could not say. I
have not looked at it in that depth. The thing is that every newspaper
carried the article. I have not focused in on the names of others
and done any research to see if there is any pattern. Occasionally
I type my daughter's name into a search engine and the same articles
come up again right back from last year. Probably in four or five
years' time they will still be there because that is how the internet
is. You put something on there and unless it is physically deleted
it is there forever. I must say most of the pictures have gone
but there are a few still around. When that other incident happened
with the girl who died some weeks after, I felt an affiliation
with her relatives knowing that picture was out. Before coming
here today I thought I will see if I can find that article to
back up what I was going to say but I could not find it. I could
not find the picture. I can still see it in my mind. I thought
that is good it is not there. I would like to think three months
ago I would have found it and some work has been done and that
is the result. I am quite impressed that I could not find the
picture. I cannot say that anything specifically has driven it
but it is a good point that somebody maybe leading it but I have
not done any research.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b>Chairman:</b> That is probably all we have
to cover. Can I thank you for coming and talking to us.
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-18117389087751065422015-07-11T17:12:00.003-07:002015-07-11T18:00:37.620-07:00Bridgend (épidémie de pendaisons) : la PCC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/36208.htm#a39">Rapport de la Commission parlementaire pour la Culture, les médias et le sport sur les critères de la presse, la vie privée et la diffamation</a> - </span></span></div>
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<b>Suicide reporting in the media
</b>
In June 2006, following the submission of evidence
to the Editors' Code of Practice Committee by Samaritans and other
groups, the PCC inserted clause 5-ii into its Code of Practice:
<br />
<table border="1" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><br />
<b>Clause 5. Intrusion into grief or shock</b>
</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><br />
i) In cases involving personal grief or shock, enquiries and approaches
must be made with sympathy and discretion and publication handled
sensitively. This should not restrict the right to report legal
proceedings, such as inquests.<br />
ii) When reporting suicide, care should be taken to avoid excessive detail about the method used.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="n342"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/36208.htm#note342">342</a>]
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This change was to address the risk that media
coverage might prompt copycat suicides, as the then Code Committee
Chairman, Les Hinton, explained:
<br />
<ul>"For example, while it might be perfectly
proper to report that the suicide was caused by an overdose of
paracetamol, it would probably be excessive to state the number
of tablets used. We have consulted with the industry on this and
it has been accepted. The new rule, in effect, codifies a practice
already currently followed by many editors."[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="n343"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/36208.htm#note343">343</a>]</ul>
We have heard criticism that the PCC Code contains
only a single clause on suicide reporting,[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="n344"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/36208.htm#note344">344</a>]
and that the Code does not go far enough. In their submission
to us PAPYRUS, the charity for prevention of suicide in the young,
told us that they wanted to prohibit any reporting of the method
of suicide, not just 'excessive detail', as they did not believe
journalists were qualified to judge what was excessive.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="n345"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/36208.htm#note345">345</a>]
However, Antony Langan of Samaritans told us that when the Code
was properly applied by the press, he had found reporting to be
appropriate.[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="n346"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmcumeds/362/36208.htm#note346">346</a>]
<br />
We have sympathy with the views of PAPYRUS
but consider that a complete ban on the reporting of the method
of suicide would have a negative impact on the freedom of the
press. For reasons which we detail below, we do not believe that
the guidance contained in the PCC Code on suicide reporting should
be altered, but rather that the PCC needs to enforce compliance
with the Code as it stands.<br />
<br />
<b> </b>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Between January 2007 and August 2008 there were more than 20 suicides in and around Bridgend, South Wales, involving people aged under 27. Again, the media coverage was intensive. This time numerous complaints were made to the PCC about the accuracy of reporting, the extensive and repeated use of the victims’ photographs, the headlines, the descriptions given of the suicide methods used and the various attempts to link the suicides in a ‘death cult’ or something of the kind. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">In February 2008, the Member of Parliament for Bridgend, Madeleine Moon, collated details of 15 relatives of suicide victims who did not want any further press coverage and asked for an end to the repeated publication of photographs of those who had died. Ms Moon also made a complaint to the PCC about a Sunday Times magazine article, featuring a large picture of a noose under the title ‘Death Valleys’. The PCC did not uphold this complaint, stating that since much of the extensive coverage had identified hanging as a common feature of the deaths the use of the noose did not constitute excessive detail. The PCC acknowledged that the pictures would be ‘an upsetting and stark reminder to the families about how their relatives had died’. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">On 20 February 2008, Sir Christopher Meyer, then Chairman of the PCC, wrote to Madeleine Moon offering to attend a meeting in Bridgend, if this would be of assistance. In May 2008, three months after the initial complaint to the PCC, Sir Christopher and other PCC representatives visited Bridgend to talk to local people and communicated to the press the wishes of those who requested the coverage to stop. When asked in an interview if the PCC had been too late, Sir Christopher conceded that the PCC ‘should have been down there earlier’. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">As part of our inquiry, we heard evidence in private from Mr Langan of Samaritans and from Tim Fuller, the father of one of the young people who took their own lives. We wish to thank them, and especially Mr Fuller, for his willingness to discuss such events with us. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Mr Langan told us of the practical difficulties of applying the PCC Code, and how the experience of reporting in Bridgend had shown that a number of issues were not catered for by it: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“One of the things that Bridgend threw up is within the remit of the PCC a lot of things fall outside that Code. There were particular issues around the re-publication and duplication of photographs [...]. When we looked at the regular re-publication of 10 or 20 photographs of people of a certain age then other people of that age would see perhaps a pattern of normalisation and that was equally dangerous. The current Code does not address that. We think the guidance note behind that could do with some work but we see the Code of Conduct as a working document. We want to keep working with the PCC and the Code Committee to extend that remit so it is actually going to go further.” </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Mr Fuller described to us the impact that press reporting had when his daughter took her own life in February 2008 and in the months afterwards. He did not feel that he could visit her house because the press were gathered outside it,352 indeed he was advised by the police and the coroner not to go there, and he was not aware that he could have used the services of the PCC to ask reporters to leave. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“It was at the end of that session with the police when that was wrapped up and I was ready to go home the police and the Coroner let me know that they had released the details of the name and address of my daughter and advised that unless I could handle it not to go anywhere near the address because there were cameras and press and all sorts there.”353 </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The knowledge that the press would be printing a story about his daughter also put pressure on Mr Fuller at a distressing time: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“I found I was frantically making phone calls to people that perhaps I would not speak to for two or three days. Maybe if they put the news on and they have children they would pick the papers up the next morning and they would see all this information. I felt I wanted to let them know myself rather than seeing it first-hand in the media. I was put under pressure there. It took away from me the opportunity to let people know what had happened.”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Due to the linking of a number of suicides, press interest in Mr Fuller’s daughter’s death did not go away. He found particularly distressing the constant re-listing of the names of all of the young suicide victims and the unauthorised use of photographs of his daughter which he had not seen before. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Although Mr Fuller did not attend the PCC meeting in Bridgend in May 2008, he explained to us that the invitation to do so opened a dialogue with them which led him to make a complaint against the Daily Express about their coverage of his daughter’s death. In the time immediately after her suicide, the only contact he had was with the police liaison team and the coroner in Bridgend. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">It is clear to us that an ordinary person who suddenly finds himself and his family the focus of media attention in circumstances such as those detailed to us by Mr Fuller would be ill-prepared to deal with it. The PCC can perform a vital role in assisting such people, yet Mr Fuller was unaware of this for a full three months after his daughter’s death. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">In oral evidence to us the then PCC Chairman, Sir Christopher Meyer said the PCC felt frustration that its message was not getting through: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“One of our painting the Forth Bridge tasks is constantly to remind police forces around the country that they really must, in situations of suicide or murder or whatever, tell families how to deal with the press [...]. When we go on our missions outside London we always invite to the events or to a lunch or whatever the local coroner or the local coroners, depending on how many there are, as well as the local judges. A number of times we have found that the system has not worked properly and a coroner has said ‘I did not know about that’, so we send them all the stuff and say ‘Please make sure that you and your staff know about this.’ It is a permanent struggle to be perfectly frank.” </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">We recommend that the PCC should not wait for people who find themselves suddenly thrust into the media glare in traumatic circumstances to come to it, but should take more steps to ensure that such people are aware of its services. This could perhaps most easily be achieved through dedicated and compulsory training of coroners and police family liaison officers about ways in which the PCC can help and through providing them with standard leaflets which can be offered to those with whom they come into contact. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Following the resolution of Mr Fuller’s complaint by the PCC, the Daily Express apologised to Mr Fuller and withdrew the offending articles. The apology took the form of a letter to the PCC, which was passed to Mr Fuller. The paper did not accept that its reporting broke the Code by giving excessive detail of suicide method, something which Mr Fuller contests: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“In the article, and in the response as well, from the Daily Express they say that they did not give specific details of the method used and they are allowed to say that she was found hanging and that was the nature of her death. They said they gave no more details about how that happened but within the article they quoted the mother of the previous victim who actually described that they found him hanging and he had used his dressing gown cord and they found him hanging from the framework of a built-in wardrobe they were having constructed which to me is quite specific.”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Mr Fuller went on to say: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“I do not know whether [my daughter] would have read that information printed beforehand but [my daughter] too used a dressing gown cord so we just have this thought. I do believe that some of these youngsters were influenced by the publicity, not of the minute detail but the method. A big question has been asked why all bar one of the victims used hanging as their form of death.”360 </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The coverage of suicide in the media is one of the most sensitive areas that falls into the PCC’s remit. We note the good work the PCC did in Bridgend from May 2008, although we believe the PCC should have acted sooner and more proactively. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The PCC Code provides suitable guidance on suicide reporting, but in our view the PCC should be tougher in ensuring that journalists abide by it. The experience of Bridgend shows the damage that can be caused if irresponsible reporting is allowed to continue unchecked; the PCC needs to monitor the conduct of the journalists and the standard of coverage in such cases. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">During our inquiry, regarding the reporting of personal tragedies, we also asked how the press – local newspapers, in particular – moderated their websites, when asking readers to comment on stories. Certain comments of which we have been made aware have been sick and obscene.361 The PCC told us, though, that it did not consider this a major issue.362 </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The Editor’s Codebook refers to complaints about newspaper websites, making clear that editors are responsible for “any user-generated material that they have decided to leave online, having been made aware of it, or received a complaint.”363 We believe this does not go far enough, with respect to moderating comment on stories about personal tragedies, in particular. The Codebook should be amended to include a specific responsibility to moderate websites and take down offensive comments, without the need for a prior complaint. We also believe the PCC should be proactive in monitoring adherence, which could easily be done by periodic sampling of newspaper websites, to maintain standards. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></div>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-36364341712667943442014-12-23T12:54:00.000-08:002015-07-10T16:30:20.821-07:00Les états de conscience modifiés<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2010/12/15/medit2_custom-262615aa650a5c9f3c050ecccb7f9dbe3fb2337c-s1000-c85.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2010/12/15/medit2_custom-262615aa650a5c9f3c050ecccb7f9dbe3fb2337c-s1000-c85.jpeg" height="222" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Activité cérébrale avant et pendant la méditation chez des bouddhistes tibétains expérimentés. Au cours de la méditation l'activité cérébrale s'intensifie dans le lobe frontal, qui commande la focalisation de l'attention et la concentration. Andrew Newberg a obtenu des résultats comparables dans une étude similaire concernant des sujets âgés ayant des problèmes de mémoire. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>La méditation
sculpte-t-elle le cerveau ?</i></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Depuis des milliers
d'années, la religion pose des questions sans réponse.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Qui
sommes-nous ? Quel est le sens de la vie ? Que signifie le fait
d'être religieux ?
</span></span><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le Dr <a href="http://www.andrewnewberg.com/">Andrew Newberg</a>,
pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, a étudié la relation
entre le cerveau et l'expérience religieuse, un domaine baptisé
"neurothéologie" à cheval sur la science et la
spiritualité. Pour ce faire, il a scanné les cerveaux de nonnes en
prière, de Sikhs psalmodiant et de bouddhistes en médiation.
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Nous évaluons ce qui
se passe dans la tête des gens au cours d'une pratique spirituelle
forte comme la méditation ou la prière, par rapport à ce qui se
passe à l'état de repos. </i></span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Newberg a étudié des
sujets âgés qui avaient des problèmes de mémoire. Il a scanné
leur cerveau, puis il leur a appris une sorte de méditation fondée
sur des mantras, et enfin il leur a demandé de pratiquer cette
méditation 12 minutes par jour pendant 8 semaines. Après quoi le
cerveau des sujets a été scanné une nouvelle fois.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Nous avons trouvé de
profonds changements, très significatifs, dans le cerveau au repos,
particulièrement dans les zones du cerveau qui nous aident à
focaliser notre esprit et notre attention.</i></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Newberg rapporte que
beaucoup de participants ont déclaré penser plus clairement et être
plus à même de se souvenir de choses après 8 semaines de
méditation. Les tests de mémoire l'ont confirmé.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>L'amélioration était
de 10 à 15%, seulement après une méditation de 12 minutes pendant
8 semaines. On imagine ce qui arrive chez les gens très religieux et
à grande spiritualité qui pratiquent quotidiennement pendant des
heures depuis des années.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Selon Newberg, la
neurothéologie, qui évidemment <i>ne peut rien dire de définitif
sur des choses comme l'existence d'un pouvoir supérieur</i>,
permettra de <i>comprendre ce que signifie pour quelqu'un d'être
religieux.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Certaines données
épaulent ceux qui argumentent que toutes nos expériences
religieuses et spirituelles ne sont rien d'autre que des phénomènes
biologiques, mais les données n'éliminent pas spécifiquement la
notion qu'il y a une présence religieuse ou spirituelle ou divine
dans le monde.</i>"</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Et de conclure : <i>pour
que la neurothéologie fonctionne comme domaine de recherche, il faut
avoir l'esprit ouvert et respecter les deux perspectives.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Pavel V. et al ont publié une <a href="http://www.wcecongress.com/wp-content/uploads/altered-states-of-consciousness.pdf">étude</a> sur les <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_modifi%C3%A9_de_conscience">EMC</a> (état modifié de conscience) dans le <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine">Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicin</a> en 2002. </span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">En Suède et en Russie entre 1996 et 1999, des recherches ont été entreprises sur les mécanismes
psycho-physiologiques d'un état de conscience altéré produit à travers
un entraînement mental. Une corrélation a été établie entre les
résultats de multiples mesures bio-électrographiques informatisées.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Les
66 sujets ont été soumis à un test utilisant des techniques modernes, comme l'électro-encéphalographie digitale, la
mesure de l'activité cérébrale bi-latérale à basse fréquence, les
signaux bio-électrographiques mesurés par la photographie informatisée
de Kirlian (GDV), les rapports des sujets, les tests linguistiques, le
profil des états mentaux des sujets.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Tous les participants englobés dans un entraînement mental systématique
ont révélé des changements dans leur statut psycho-émotionnel après sept
semaines.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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Tart, Charles T - <a href="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-3456-9_11#page-1">A system's approach to altered states of consciousness. </a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">15 années de recherches sur les
phénomènes désignés comme états de conscience modifiés ont amené l'auteur
à constater à quel point la plupart d'entre eux sont sans rapport les
uns avec les autres. Des centaines de personnes ont rapporté des
modifications radicales dans le fonctionnement de leur conscience, non
seulement en fait d'expériences familières comme le sommeil, le rêve et
les émotions fortes, mais aussi quant à celles associées à des techniques plus
exotiques, comme la méditation, l'hypnose, la prise de marijuana ou de
drogues psychédéliques, la transe, la sortie du corps, tous
états idiosyncrasiques qui semblent spécifiques à un seul individu, tous
états qui semblent socialement partagés par des groupes d'individus partageant des disciplines spirituelles particulières. Le terme vague d'expérience mystique est loin d'épuiser le sens de ce type d'expérience.</span></span></div>
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<div class="col-aside" id="kb-nav--aside" role="complementary">
<a href="http://mcescher.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/LW268-MC-Escher-Hand-with-Reflecting-Sphere-1935.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://mcescher.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/LW268-MC-Escher-Hand-with-Reflecting-Sphere-1935.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.atpweb.org/jtparchive/trps-08-76-01-045.pdf">Lire en ligne</a> The Basic Nature of Altered States of Consciousness : A System's Approach (1974)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2537105/pdf/jnma00018-0037.pdf"> June Dobbs Butts</a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Medicine, sex, and religion are
presented as related areas of human thought and behavior in which people
traditionally have sought temporary release from daily living. In
essence, these areas represent a search for altered states of
consciousness. The harmful way is through drug addiction.</span></span><br />
<div id="__pid333504" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Five
common characteristics are cited for the three areas. Examples of their
universality are traceable by their omnipresence and their appearance
in most childhood games—especially those taking on sexual nuances—which
are usually hidden from adults.</span></span></div>
<div class="p p-last" id="__pid333509" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If Eastern knowledge and control of bodily processes were geared to Western technology, mankind would benefit.</span></span></div>
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<div class="p p-last" id="__pid333509">
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<div class="p p-last" id="__pid333509" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Carl C. Bell - <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2552427/">States of Consciousness</a> (<span class="cit">J Natl Med Assoc. Apr 1980; 72(4): 331–33). </span></span></span></div>
<div class="p p-last" id="__pid333509" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The art of psychiatry offers many different viewpoints from which to
catalog behavior and thinking styles and, therefore, many physicians
tend to have difficulty in conceptualizing features of behavioral
medicine. A classification of states of consciousness with clinical
examples of such states is presented to aid in a more clear
understanding of human behavior.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.humanjourney.us/images/3STAGES.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.humanjourney.us/images/3STAGES.jpg" height="95" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Premier stade – on "voit" des formes géométriques qui peuvent être colorées et lumineuses, vacillantes<i>, </i>sinusoïdales, qui s'étendent, se contractent et se fondent les unes dans les autres. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Second stade – Une sorte de mirage fait des formes géométriques des objets à signification religieuse ou émotionnelle.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Troisième stade – On y accède par un tunnel ou un tourbillon dans lequel on se sent aspiré avec au bout une lumière brillante. Les côtés du tourbillon sont couverts d'un treillis qui dérive des images géométriques du premier stade. Dans les compartiments du treillis se trouvent les premières vraies hallucinations de personnes, d'animaux, etc. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">-Jean </span></span>Clottes et David Lewis-Williams - <a href="https://www.erowid.org/library/review/review.php?p=363">The Shamans of Prehistory, Trance and Magic in Painted Caves</a> </span></span></td><td class="tr-caption"></td><td class="tr-caption"></td></tr>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-79846704848339162842014-11-30T20:04:00.002-08:002016-12-16T17:39:14.995-08:00Histoires de suspension. sans supense (3, 2è partie)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="vertical-align: 1pt;">Mrs
Edwards, an oyster seller near Star Court, testified that a coach had
passed by her between eleven and twelve o'clock ; the coach stopped at
the end of Star Court ; in it were a gentleman in a scarlet cloak and a
woman whom she described as "talking, laughing, and laying out her hands
very briskly". She had commented on this to Mary Dent, who confirmed
the testimony, adding that she knew the house to be one of ill repute
and that the gentleman walked very well and did not appear ill. Another
witness, Mary Brimmer, a servant in the house next door, testified that
at about eleven o'clock she had gone out to wash a pot, had looked into
Mrs Simmerton's house, and had observed the gentleman in the scarlet
cloak standing with his face to the fireplace and a woman facing him and
that he stooped down and kissed her. She identified the woman as Mary
Roberts and added that Elizabeth Shepherd lit a candle, lighted the
gentleman upstairs, and that Mary Broberts had followed them. She also
supplied the information that Elizabeth Shepherd came downstairs and
paid the coachman three shillings.</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYiFnaT1KdHHNpMe2paO84mlRlY8n8y_6TzWxjOPCjNod5HX9gjL99vqzpJw-H1BAEtl35L8KgGCV9tIDyuqTzEnnZp0HFuLXhRjUCiXwAsYj8RkuHdro0fSYtLkAKqFup_2vclV6S1Rbd/s1600/IMG_4780.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYiFnaT1KdHHNpMe2paO84mlRlY8n8y_6TzWxjOPCjNod5HX9gjL99vqzpJw-H1BAEtl35L8KgGCV9tIDyuqTzEnnZp0HFuLXhRjUCiXwAsYj8RkuHdro0fSYtLkAKqFup_2vclV6S1Rbd/s1600/IMG_4780.JPG" width="200" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Up
to this point, the Crown's evidence appears to account fairly
thoroughly for Motteux's movements from the time that he closed his
shop, donned his scarlet cloak, and sported around London, to the
time that he went upstairs to the chamber in which his fatal
assignation occurred. But questions remain unasked and unresolved.
They are the schoolchild's problem of time, rate, and distance. We
cannot gauge Motteux's rate, but approximate times are recorded, and
the distances remain unchanged three centuries later. Assuming that
Motteux's shop was at the bottom of Leadenhall Street and that he
closed his shutters at five o'clock, the conventional hour, allowing
him a quarter of an hour to change his clothes, count his money, and
arrange with Mr. Serjeant to accompany him as far as the Royal
Exchange, it is not easy to account for his time. The distance from
the bottom of Leadenhall Street to the Royal Exchange at Cornhill and
Threadneedle Street is a scant kilometer. On a recent visit to
London, I walked that distance at a pace suited to my years and
claudication, and it took me 14 minutes. According to Mr. Serjeant,
the seven o'clock chimes furnished a neat fix in time for their
taking leave of each other. What had they been doing for an hour and
three-quarters? Surely not parading up and down Cornhill and
Leadenhall Street in the waning light of a February afternoon.
Perhaps they stopped off for refreshments, not an unreasonable
thought at that hour, but it is not so stated in the evidence,
Possibly the point was not raised.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i> </i></span></span>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Relying
on evidence given later, we know that Motteux walked three short
blocks to the vicinity of Ludgate, where he encountered Mary Roberts.
Who first accosted whom is not in evidence, but in general such
encounters depend upon mutual recognition of desire, intent, and
willingness to supply the required professional services; a bargain
is usually struck after a minute or two of conversation. In this
case, such details are not in evidence, but the arrangement must have
been satisfactory to both parties. </span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Motteux
then hired a carriage and rode to <a href="http://historicgames.com/gamehall/clubs/whites.html">White's chocolate house</a> in the West
End, a distance of about three miles. Francis White (Francisco
Bianco) had opened his chocolate house in St. James' Street, just
down the slope from Piccadilly in 1693, and it soon became a popular
and fashionable establishment. It is the forerunner of White's, still
in St. James's, now a well-known gentleman's club. Just why Motteux
chose to have Mary Roberts accompany him three miles to White's when
her place of assignation in Butcher Row lay one mile east of where
they met is not clear. The record of the trial makes no mention of
Motteux's having bought tickets to a ball, nor were tickets found in
his pockets after he died.</span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSCjB8mtHhStGF4n-wownfrr3xJLHREuF0m0NxrsYtEecZaRA6xug" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSCjB8mtHhStGF4n-wownfrr3xJLHREuF0m0NxrsYtEecZaRA6xug" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Nor can one account for Mary Roberts being
willing to sit unaccompanied in an unheated carriage on a chilly
February night. Mr. Arthur testified that, while at White's, Motteux
ate a couple of 'Jellies," but whatever else he did there is not
in evidence. How many 'Tellies" can one eat in two hours? In any
case, Motteux does not seem to have been in any haste to consummate
his transaction. Perhaps he apprehended a failure of the flesh and
ate the 'Jellies" to bolster his faltering energies. </span></span></i></div>
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<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>The
Crown's evidence places Motteux at Star Court in Butcher Row shortly
before midnight, not an unreasonable time for a carriage ride from
St. James' to a brothel at a short distance from the tower of London,
just off East Smithfield Street, au area since obliterated by the
Royal Mint and St. Katharine's Docks. Mary Brimmer's evidence that
she saw Motteux in his scarlet cloak standing in front of the
fireplace and kissing Mary Roberts recalls that at time the streets
of London were not illuminated, and it was easy to look into rooms
lit only by candles and oil lamps. The essential point of her
testimony is that Motteux was in full possession of his faculties
when he entered Mrs. Simmerton's bordello and that he was able to
mount the stairs under his own power. One would think that the madam
of a house of assignation would have the common sense to draw the
drapes or shades to conceal the carryings on from the eyes of
prurient neighbors, but perhaps the lateness of the hour can account
for Mrs. Simmerton's lack of discretion. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>At this juncture, the
coachman Tomas White was called to the stand. He proved to be a
reluctant witness, unwilling to recall the events of the fateful
evening in detail. It was established that he had told his master
Richard Taylor that he had received only one shilling for his long
drive from the City to the West End and back to the East End. Having
skimmed two shillings from the fare, he was embarrassed by having his
petty cheating exposed in court, but Mary Roberts and others
identified him as the coachman who had carried her and Motteux to
their destinations. The record of the trial comments that "upon
which the Court wondered at his forgetfulness of so many remarkable
Passages depos'd, by his Master, Mistress, and Fellow-Servant, bid
him recollect himself, but still he would remember nothing."
The
only medically qualified witness was Mr. Chaloner, an apothecary. He
stated that he had
been awakened between midnight and one o'clock and
summoned to Star Court. When he arrived, Elizabeth Shepherd informed
him that a gentleman had had a fit upstairs.</i> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://historicgames.com/gamehall/gifs/Whites.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://historicgames.com/gamehall/gifs/Whites.jpg" height="320" width="252" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>He found the body in the
bed, looking "pale and ghastly." Motteux was wearing two
shirts, and the body was warm, though the hands were stiff and cold.
The apothecary estimated that Motteux had been dead for a quarter to
half an hour. He did not observe any external marks of violence, but
he clearly must have conducted his examination by candlelight and
apparently did not undo the shirts. He made no comments about
Motteux's trousers or underclothes, but it is reason- able to infer
that they had been removed. Yet, the following morning at about eight
o'clock, Ann Bateman, a servant at Mr. Drury's house in nearby Sheer
Lane, testified that she went to the Simmerton House, viewed the
body, and observed ablackish circle around the neck. The inhabitants
of Star Court, she said, told her that he had been brought in dead
from a coach.
Motteux's body was identified from papers in his
possession, and his family was notified. </i></span></span></div>
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<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>When his servant, William
Limmer, came to Star Court, he was told that Motteux had on his
person four guineas, four shillings sixpence, plus some ha'pennies.
This contradicts Ann Bateman's statement that she was told Motteux
had about eight guineas (which Mrs. Simmerton "chink'd in her
hand") and considerably less than the 20 or more guineas that
Mary Dowty saw him counting at the door of his shop at five o'clock.
This evidence was given to support the charge of robbery, and it
concluded the prosecution's case.
Mary Roberts was the chief witness
for the defense. She stated that, as she was walking near Ludgate,
Motteux "looked very hard upon her, and walking before her . . .
halted until she came up to
him and invited her into a Tavern to
drink, but she refus'd; but afterwards . . . they had two full Pots
of Ale and Brandy." She also stated that Motteux said that he
had business at the other end of town, and she agreed to accompany
him. She also stated that, when they arrived at White's, he left his
scarlet cloak and sword with her in the coach "to assure her he
would not bilk her." After waiting in the coach for an hour and
a half, she sent the coachman into White's, and Motteux returned word
that he would join her in a minute. So he did, and they set off for
Star Court and, according to Mary Roberts, as they were passing the
New Exchange in the Strand, he complained that he was not well
and
said,
</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"My Dear. don't
be affrighted, I am going into one of my Dumb Fits which I us'd to be
troubled with, and leaning his Head upon her Shoulder, she supported
him till she came to Star Court, and sent the Coachman to tell her
Landlady to bring a Candle to the Coach. which she did. and that the
Deceased remained speechless and helpless; that they got a soldier
(Edward Williams the Prisoner, who she said was a stranger) coming by
in the interim of time, to take him upon his back and carry him into
Simmer- ton's House, which he did, the Coachman holding up his Legs;
that then they sat him down on a Chair, but he continued Speechless;
that then they carried him up Stairs, put him into Bed, hoping that
might bring him to himself, and afterwards sent for the Apothecary,
and taking a Looking-Glass to see if he breath'd found he was dead." </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjheNa82PtgxcpTFDFl_AwyXt1fn46vSiRvugjC1EQcdui04LEEgvT9rL-VQBnQChR_GXYOYmALtPKqGiyfesLFSNno2uFl58540zdGduFVaPs9FjrvvlwVCWPMN4LkZjrRh2u3sVw8756/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-16+at+23.34.13.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjheNa82PtgxcpTFDFl_AwyXt1fn46vSiRvugjC1EQcdui04LEEgvT9rL-VQBnQChR_GXYOYmALtPKqGiyfesLFSNno2uFl58540zdGduFVaPs9FjrvvlwVCWPMN4LkZjrRh2u3sVw8756/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-12-16+at+23.34.13.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William Hogarth - The Tavern Scene (1735)</td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>She
also added that the four guineas, half crown, two shillings, and some
ha'pennies were returned to the family.
Mrs. Simmerton supported Mary
Roberts' testimony, adding that she had scolded her for bringing
"Trouble and Scandal upon her House."
Edward Williams'
testimony was that he was only passing by accidentally when he became
involved (though it was proved that he lodged in the house) and that
he had acted only out of a desire to be helpful. His wife, Elizabeth
Williams, said that she had only come by to call her husband home.
Elizabeth Shepherd denied having lighted Mary Roberts and Motteux
upstairs.
Having heard all of this testimony, the jury acquitted the
five defendants. The jury accepted the explanation of Motteux's death
as given by a madam, three whores, and a bouncer over the testimony
of over a dozen neutral, uninvolved witnesses who only testified as
to what they had seen with their own eyes and when they had seen it.
In one sense, they were right; there was no evidence of malice
aforethought, and deliberate murder was not in Mary Roberts' mind,
nor in the minds of the other denizens on Star Court. </i></span></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>It seems to be
a case of death due to sexual misadventure. But it is difficult to
reconcile the testimony of the Crown's witnesses with that offered by
the defense. For example, if Motteux had left his scarlet cloak and
sword in the coach as a pledge of good faith, how could the waiter at
White's have described him as wearing it? Likewise, the evidence
given by a witness who saw him inside Mrs. Simmerton's establishment
kissing Mary Roberts does not match her account of a man in a "fit,"
unable to speak. Nor did the defense offer any explanation of the
blackish mark seen on Motteux's neck the following morning. That the
circular mark may not have been visible a quarter to half an hour
after his death can be explained by both the inadequate illumination
when the apothecary examined the body (and the probability that the
examination was incomplete) as well as by the fact that such marks
become more readily visible a few hours after death after the
extravasated blood beneath the ligature undergoes changes that
produce the characteristic discoloration. Another point of
inconsistency is the amount
of money found on Motteux's body. It is
difficult to reconcile the four guineas and change found on the body
with the 20 to 30 guineas that he was stated to have when he left his
shop in Leadenhall Street. A drink or two with Mr. Serjeant, some
jellies at White's, and coach fare could not have come to more than a
guinea; food and drink in l8th<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>century London were retailed at the
level of shillings and pence, and the coach fare was only three
shillings.
</i></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnCglzD20tczIM2W1KNskAqGmxD5Anve5KZWL9bTWvLOxHU3xGTObEyZyEjX-wzEoS5Mn7082QeF90fxIfwdZZbGcc_71RmBMW8gKFOlP0_Alfi2Q612K7YmbEfwWl6KWCyEL27t7pzFpt/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-12-17+at+00.58.42.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnCglzD20tczIM2W1KNskAqGmxD5Anve5KZWL9bTWvLOxHU3xGTObEyZyEjX-wzEoS5Mn7082QeF90fxIfwdZZbGcc_71RmBMW8gKFOlP0_Alfi2Q612K7YmbEfwWl6KWCyEL27t7pzFpt/s200/Screen+Shot+2016-12-17+at+00.58.42.png" width="125" /></a>En guise d'épitaphe </blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<i>Ci-git, qui par pure impuissance, <span id="goog_985481387"></span><span id="goog_985481388"></span></i></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<i>Faisant un trop puissant effort, </i></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<i>Mourut le jour de sa naissance, </i></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<i>En serrant son col par trop fort.</i></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Reviewed through the retrospective of 20th-century
forensic medicine, Motteux's death in a London brothel seems more
likely to have been the result of assisted erotic asphyxia. The
blackish circular mark around the neck and the unsigned, undated
annotation in </i>Langbaine's<i> "Lives of the English Dramatick Poets"
seem persuasive. When a 55-year-old man dies in a whorehouse, the two
most likely diagnoses are occlusive coronary arteriosclerosis with a
terminal arrhythmia as the result of excessive exertion (or a
comparable vascular accident involving the aorta or cerebral
arteries) or else a death due to a misguided form of sexual
experimentation. If the latter proves to be the case, and I do
believe that Motteux's death was the result of "the Whores who
forgot to cut the Cord," it is the earliest known example of
death as a result of attempting to induce an erection by reducing
carotid circulation to the brain-dubious at best, fatal at worst.
Medical examiners are familiar with auto-erotic asphyxia, an act
practiced privately, almost invariably by males, ranging in age from
prepubescence to maturity, with a peak in adolescence and young
manhood, with a variable degree of associated cross-dressing,
fetishism, and bondage. The examples of Motteux and Koczwara are
somewhat different in that the ligature was applied by a prostitute
to assist the asphyxia, a variation on the theme. A single case may
be dismissed as anecdotal, but now we have two cases, and one notes
that the plural of anecdote is data. It would appear that Motteux was
out cruising for sex, but got it in the neck, and thus was the
translator translated.
We are left with the opening stanza of
</i>Kipling's<i> 'The Benefactors', albeit the irony was not intended:</i></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ah!
what avails the classic bent </span></span></i></span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And
what the cultured word </span></span></i></span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Against
the undoctored incident </span></span></i></span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">That
actually occurred.</span></span></i></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/vexYxL_yb2s/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vexYxL_yb2s?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Henry Purcell/P.A. Motteux - <i>Man is for the woman made</i> (1695)<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-23831550678957964722014-11-28T16:38:00.001-08:002016-12-16T17:38:33.757-08:00Histoires de suspension.. sans suspense (3, 1ère partie)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">La mort mystérieuse de Peter Anthony Motteux</span></span> </h2>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Chaste, yet not cold ; and sprightly,
yet not wild ;</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>
</i></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Tho' gentle, strong, and tho'
compulsive, mild :</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>
</i></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Fond Nature's Paradox, that cools and
warms,</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>
</i></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Cheers without Sleep and, tho' a
Med'cine, charms.</i></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Né à Rouen et huguenot,</span></span> <style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }A:link { }</style><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Peter
Anthony Le Motteux (1663-1718) est contraint de se réfugier en Angleterre (où vit son
parrain) à la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dit_de_Fontainebleau_%281685%29">révocation</a>
de l'Édit de Nantes (1685), comme les deux tiers de la congrégation
calviniste de Haute Normandie. À Londres il étudie les
langues étrangères, celle de sa patrie d'adoption devient comme une seconde langue maternelle, il se fait traducteur. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Six
ans après son arrivée, il fonde le <i>Gentleman's Journal</i>, un mensuel
dont il est le rédacteur en chef, qui fut distribué pendant près
de trois ans et joua un rôle important dans l'histoire du
journalisme. On y lit des articles consacrés à la poésie et aux
informations, et des commentaires sur l'actualité. Sa devise, le
<i>prodesse et delectare</i></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">("instruire
et distraire") de Horace (<i>Ars poetica</i>), sera reprise par le
quasi-homonyme <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(1731),
première occurrence du mot "magazine". </span></span></span><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Peter Anthony</span></span> traduit dans un très bel anglais à partir du français et de l'espagnol. <i>Le Tiers Livre</i> de Rabelais est ainsi publié pour la première fois en anglais en 1693. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
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<br />
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<i>But whence art thou inspir'd, and Thou
alone</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i>To flourish in an Idiom, not thine own?</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i>It moves our wonder, that a foreign
Guest</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i>Shou'd over-match the most, and match
the best.</i></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">John Dryden </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://images.barnesandnoble.com/images/161820000/161825099.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://images.barnesandnoble.com/images/161820000/161825099.JPG" height="200" width="133" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hormis les traductions, Motteux écrit des prologues, des épilogues, un <a href="http://books.google.pt/books?id=7PNbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=a+poem+in+praise+of+tea&source=bl&ots=_jgagMBcVB&sig=susTnsQPngpeYMbUBWWk4Iqov2c&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=3oF6VLyAIZHKaKbKgaAI&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=a%20poem%20in%20praise%20of%20tea&f=false">poème sur le thé</a> (the Spectator) et plusieurs pièces de théâtre à succès, comme <i>Love’s Jest</i>, représentée en 1696. Il produit une des meilleures traductions en anglais de Don Quichotte (<i>History of the Renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha</i>). Son journal encense Shakespeare et séduit </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">la clientèle féminine en mettant
l'accent sur le contenu littéraire comme base de conversations. Cette idée sera reprise plus tard par le <i>Spectator </i>et le <i>Female Spectator</i>. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La littérature, toutefois, ne nourrit pas son homme. Peter Anthony ouvre un magasin d'objets artisanaux et d'œuvres d'art provenant des Indes tout en travaillant à la poste principale de Londres. De judicieuses spéculations lui assurent une grande aise financière.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Peter Anthony Le Motteux se maria deux fois, eut sept enfants et n'en mourut pas moins dans une maison mal famée dans d'étranges circonstances. Il allait avoir 55 ans. Quelques données biographiques <a href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=19423&back=">ici</a>.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/images/article-imgs/19/19423_1_200px.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.oxforddnb.com/images/article-imgs/19/19423_1_200px.jpg" height="148" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">G. A. Pellegrini, P.A. Le Motteux en famille</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'auteur de la chronique parue en septembre 1991 dans l'<a href="http://journals.lww.com/amjforensicmedicine/pages/default.aspx">American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology</a>, le docteur <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL&_imagekey=1-s2.0-S0740257008000634-main.pdf&_piikey=S0740257008000634&_cdi=273462&_orig=article&_zone=centerpane&_fmt=abst&_eid=1-s2.0-S0740257008000634&_user=12975512&md5=8d647488a9545a9865048ec941dc79d0&ie=/excerpt.pdf">William B. Ober</a> (1920-93), était un humaniste, un historien et un histopathologiste.</span></span></span></span></h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>The Man in the </i><i>Scarlet Cloak </i>(l'homme à la cape écarlate) </span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></h2>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style>
</span></span></i></div>
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<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/00720/2007092850460601_720798e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/00720/2007092850460601_720798e.jpg" height="194" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Curiosity
is supposed to have killed the cat, but the word has a bivalent
lexical history. ln any case, it is a desirable trait in a medical
examiner. lt need not be, to use its cliché adjective, idle.
Curiosity may lead some physicians to perform experiments, but it
usually leads me to the reference shelf and the library. One often
comes up with nuggets of information, sometimes gold, sometimes
pyrites, but a penchant for rummaging in the dust bins of literary
biography sometimes leads to the unraveling of a medico-legal puzzle.
I cannot recall precisely what motivated me to look into what I
naively supposed was the collaboration between Sir Thomas Urquhart
and Peter Anthony Motteux in the<a href="http://www.doreillustrations.com/gargantua/8166-ha/8166-h.htm"> translation of Rabelais' Gargantuaand Pantagruel</a>, but my initial question was how a man with an
obviously Scottish patronymic came to collaborate with someone whose
name was obviously French. I was speedily disabused. There was no
collaboration. Urquhart (1611-1660) died three years before Motteux
(1663-1718) was born, yet their translation of </i></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Rabelais
has held the field for almost 300 years. </i></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: 1pt;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQQAcgjVNdw1x6briWGAlOOlmMNeBdVegYr5qyQNb0uZVTn2agRqM-LRDQ" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQQAcgjVNdw1x6briWGAlOOlmMNeBdVegYr5qyQNb0uZVTn2agRqM-LRDQ" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sir Thomas Urquhart</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>One
cannot pass lightly over Urquhart whose literary career was
idiosyncratic. Son of landed gentry in the Scottish Highlands, he
attended King's College, Aberdeen, entering at the tender age of 11.
He did not take a degree, but he learned enough Latin and Greek "to
serve as a basis for the recondite and eccentric erudition he so
abundantly displayed in his published works". He traveled widely
on the Continent and accumulated an extensive library. A staunch
royalist, he was knighted by Charles I in 1631 and served as a
colonel at the battle of Worcester (165 1), where Cromwell defeated
the royal party and Urquhart was captured and lost his library. Just
why he brought his library to the battlefield is not clear. but
perhaps he could not bear to be parted from his books. (A more
prudent bibliophile would not have risked them.) </i></span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Words
and language fascinated Urquhart. Typical of his original writings is
The Ekskubalouron (16-52), an introduction to a Universal Language
that he invented; its advantages included 11 cases in the declension
of nouns, 11 genders, 10 tenses, seven moods, four voices, 12 parts
of speech, and an alphabet with 25 consonants and 10 vowels- Titles
to his other books-7/re Trissotetras (16,15), Pantochronocanon (1652)
and Logopandecteision (1653)-reveal his penchant for amalgamating
Greek roots into neologisms. </i></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.doreillustrations.com/gargantua/8166-ha/images/titlepage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.doreillustrations.com/gargantua/8166-ha/images/titlepage.jpg" height="200" width="123" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">illustré par G. Doré, traduit par P.A. Motteux</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Professor
Roe comments that translations of masterpieces rarely become classics
in their own right. It only happens when, "by a happy
coincidence, the original author and the translator chance to be
kindred spirits". Urquhart shared with Rabelais not only a
relish for words and language, but also a taste for obscure
knowledge, eccentric erudition, scorn for superstition, and an
insatiable curiosity. ln 1653 he published his translation of Book I
of Gargantua and Pantagruel and Book II the following year. An
18th-century legend is that he died in 1660 in a fit of excessive
laughter on being told that Charles II had been restored to the
throne-se non èver, èben trovato. At his death, Book III was in
manuscript. but not readied for publication. </span></i></span>
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With
the preceding biographical and historical preamble, the real subjects
of this essay can be introduced. It is the manner of Motteux's death
that excites one's forensic interest. The Encyclopedia Britannica
tells us tersely that "he died in a London brothel on Feb. 18,
1718. Murder was suspected but those accused were acquitted."
The DNB provides an expanded account. We learn that the scene
was at Star Court in Butcher's Row where he went with a woman named
Mary Roberts after a stopover at White's chocolate house. Soon after
midnight, apothecary was summoned,
who pronounced him dead. Mary Roberts claimed that Motteux had been
taken ill in the coach and never spoke after they reached the house.
Mrs. Motteux offered a reward of ten guineas to the coachman if he
would state in what condition her husband had been when he set him
down. A coroner's inquest was held, a verdict of willful murder
returned, and the persons in custody were remanded to be tried at the
Old Bailey on April 23. Their defense was that Motteux had had
a fit' and the prisoners were all acquitted.</span></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.philsp.com/data/images/g/gentlemans_journal_v1_n13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.philsp.com/data/images/g/gentlemans_journal_v1_n13.jpg" height="200" width="137" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Robert
Cunningham's biography of Motteux adds a few details. He provides a
chronology, reprinting Mrs Motteux's advertisement from the Daily
Courant of March 15, a royal proclamation dated March 24, and notes
that on March 31 the coroner's inquest returned not only an indictment for</span></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">murder,
but also for robbery, alleging that the defendants had robbed Motteux
of eight gu<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ineas. The defendants were Elizabeth Simmerton, the</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> madam
of the house, Elizabeth Shepherd, her daughter by a
former marriage, described as a "plyer," Mary Roberts and
Elizabeth Williams, likewise "plyers," and Edward
Williams, described as a bully, that is bouncer. No charge was
filed against Percival
Hutchinson, another bully. Cunningham also quotes an undated,
unsigned marginal note in the British Library's copy of Gildon's
Lives of the Poets that reads :
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Mr.
M-----x is suppos'd to have been strangled by whores, who forgot to
cut the cord. They had ty'ed abt his neck to provoke venery."</span></span></i></div>
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</i><style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This
suggests assisted autoerotic asphyxia as in the 1791 case of
Frantisek Koczwara, and it becomes</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> essential to examine
the account of the trial. </span></span></i><br />
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<i>
</i>
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<div align="JUSTIFY">
<a href="http://www.wizardits.com/Londoner/pub/_images/money/guinea_coin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.wizardits.com/Londoner/pub/_images/money/guinea_coin.jpg" /></a><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Witnesses'
testimony was not recorded verbatim, but the substance of their
evidence is given in summary form. The Crown had been diligent in
accumulating evidence and was able to trace Motteux's movements on
the fatal evening with some precision. Mary Dowty, a neighbor,
deposed that she had seen Motteux at five o'clock in the after-noon
standing at the door of his house wearing a dark coat and counting
some coins which she believed to be guineas. She estimated that there
were 20 or more coins. Her evidence was supported by Mary Brown, who
also saw him at his door, and she estimated the number of coins to be
not less than 30. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The guinea was a distinctive gold coin, 25 mm in
diameter, worth 21 shillings. The only coin that it could possibly
have been confused with was the French louis d'or, about the same
size and value. Motteux might have acquired some French coins in a
business transaction, but the presumption is that they were guineas.
Peter Motteux, the older son, stated that his father owned a dark
cloth coat lined with orange Mantua silk (subsequently described by
other witnesses as scarlet) and that on the evening in question his
father went out to purchase tickets for a ball at White's chocolate
house. A neighbor, Mr Serjeant, testified that he had accompanied
Motteux as far as the Royal Exchange and that they had parted company
as the clock struck seven. </span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: 1pt;">Mr Arthur, a waiter at White's, gave evidence that Motteux came in at about nine o'clock, had some refreshments, and asked for change of a guinea, saying that he had not more than two shillings in silver. He also stated that, while Motteux was so engagedn a coachman entered and enquired for "the gentleman in the scarlet cloak". He also testified that he was told that there was a woman in the coach, but, though he did not see her, her presence was confirmed by some chairmen at the door. Mrs Stanley of the Red-Lyon alehouse near White's deposed that a coachman came in, ordered a pint of beer, and said that he had been waiting about two hours for a gentleman in a scarlet cloak who had gone into White's. He returned later and ordered a quartern of brandy. This was confirmed by William Gibbs, the barman who brought the brandy to the gentleman in the scarlet cloak who was accompanied by a woman. </span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="vertical-align: 1pt;"> </span></span></span></i></div>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-23173134887855620522014-11-27T19:29:00.000-08:002014-11-29T18:45:27.559-08:00Histoires de suspension.. sans suspense (2)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le dramatique Paris-Arcachon en ballon d'avril 1875</span></span></span></h2>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le physicien <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Janssen">Jules Janssen</a>, père de l'Observatoire de Meudon, fabriqua le Zénith, un ballon à gaz de 3000 m3 qui battit des records mais causa aussi le décès d'aéronautes en raison de l'altitude. Les 23 et <span class="date-lien nowrap datasortkey" data-sort-value="1875-03-24">24 mars 1875,</span> l'officier de marine <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Sivel">Théodore Sivel</a>, le centralien <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Croc%C3%A9-Spinelli">Joseph Croque-Spinelli</a>, le chimiste <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Tissandier">Gaston Tissandier</a>, son frère l'architecte <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Tissandier">Albert Tissandier</a> et le mécanicien Claude Jobert firent un voyage record de longue durée (22 h 40) qui permit de nombreuses observations scientifiques.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Un mois plus tard les trois premiers renouvelèrent l'expérience et, malgré des malaises ressentis à 8000 m, décidèrent de poursuivre l'ascension (la "boîte noire" révéla une altitude de 8600 m). L'hypoxie, une donnée non prévue, leur fit perdre connaissance et le ballon s'écrasa. Seul un aéronaute survécut. </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tissandier3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Au dessus de Paris..." border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tissandier3.jpg" height="200" width="168" /></a></div>
<h5 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Voilà l'histoire racontée par Jean-Pierre Ardoin Saint Amand, auteur notamment de <i>Osiris l'oncle d'Arcachon ou de l'influence de Louis Pasteur sur la vie et l'oeuvre de Claude Debussy et de Sacha Guitry</i> et de <i>L'Éole de Clément Ader : Chauve-souris ou canard ?</i></span></span></span></h5>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le 23 mars 1875 Les Parisiens découvraient devant
l'usine à gaz
de la Villette le Zénith, dernier-né de la flotte
aérostatique française, armé par la nouvelle
Société Française de Navigation Aérienne
pour remplir deux missions distinctes : l'une de longue durée,
l'autre de grande hauteur.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> En 1803, Robertson et Lhoest, puis Zacharius s'étaient élevés
jusqu'à 7.400 mètres lors d'ascension à Hambourg
et à Saint-Pétersbourg. Le 5 décembre 1862,
James Glaisher, astronome et chef du bureau météorologique
de Greenwich et l'aéronaute Cowvell devaient dépasser
une altitude jamais atteinte jusque là. Mais à 8.800 mètres le savant anglais perdit connaissance et estima
lors de son retour au sol avoir atteint 9.500 mètres sans
que ce chiffre puisse être authentifié. </span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Quelques années plus tard, la France à son
tour avec l'astronome Camille Flammarion, le chimiste Gaston Tissandier
et le publiciste Wilfrid de Fonvielle se lança dans ces
ascensions scientifiques. D'abord avec l'Etoile Polaire, puis maintenant à l'aide
du Zénith.</span></span></i><br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">En cette fin d'après-midi du 23 mars,
tout était
fin prêt pour engager la première expérience,
celle de longue durée, et le traditionnel "lâchez
tout" était prononcé à 18 h. 20 exactement.
Le ballon s'élevait majestueusement en emportant dans sa
nacelle 1 100 kilogrammes de lest sous forme de sacs de sable,
toute une panoplie d'appareils scientifiques dont certains expérimentaux
et qui trouveraient ainsi leur première utilisation, et
cinq aéronautes : Henri Théodore Sivel qui assumait
le rôle de capitaine; Joseph Eustache Crocé-Spinelli,
travailleur acharné, passionné de sciences mais beaucoup
plus familier de la théorie que de la pratique,</span></span></i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Sivel et lui avait fait une ascension le 22 mars 1874 à bord
de l'Etoile Polaire pour vérifier les préconisations
que le Dr Paul Bert, vice-président de la Société Française
de Navigation Aérienne, défendait alors pour lutter
contre les problèmes respiratoires rencontrés à haute
altitude. Sur ses conseils, les deux aéronautes s'étaient
muni de ballonnets contenant de l'oxygène qu'ils devaient
inhaler par la bouche au moyen d'un tuyau en caoutchouc dès
que les premiers symptômes d'oppression se feraient sentir.
Cette ascension, qui avait connu un grand retentissement, avait
permis au ballon d'atteindre 7 300 mètres et tout s'était
déroulé dans de bonnes conditions. </span></span></i></div>
</blockquote>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tiissandier_ballon1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tiissandier_ballon1.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Lever ou coucher du soleil - mars
1875</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Accompagnant ces deux hommes, il y avait aussi Gaston Tissandier,
le plus célèbre de tous les passagers de cette
aventure, et son frère aîné Albert Tissandier,
ancien élève des Beaux-Arts. Le cinquième
et dernier passager, Claude Jobert était un mécanicien émérite.</span></span></i></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></i></div>
<i></i><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le voyage débute dans le ciel calme de Paris où la
nuit est déjà tombée. (...)
Tout à la joie d'avoir pu dominer les difficultés
qui n'avaient pas manqué de s'opposer à leur projet,
serrés dans leur nacelle encombrée, les aéronautes
regardent les lumières de Paris défiler en silence
sous leurs pieds. Ils ne comprennent pas encore comment ils sont
parvenus à se hisser et à trouver leur place dans
un espace aussi exigu qui contient, en plus d'eux, le lest, les
matériels de navigation et tous leurs appareils scientifiques.
Bien que la durée de l'expérience soit prévue
importante, aucun n'a remarqué l'absence de tout système
nécessaire à la légitime libération
de besoins naturels. Nos cinq scientifiques, dans leurs nuages,
sont bien loin de ces basses contingences matérielles. </span></span></i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Dès la disparition, derrière
eux, des lumières
de la ville, tout le monde s'occupe dans la nacelle et vaque à ses
activités. Sivel détermine, contrôle et note
régulièrement la direction de la route suivie par
le ballon. Pour cela, il utilise à la fois une boussole
et une cordelette de 1 200 mètres qui traîne à terre
dans la direction opposée au déplacement. Crocé-Spinelli,
impatient, manipule les deux appareils spectroscopiques qu'il a
emportés avec lui, avec lesquels il multiplie les observations.
Jobert lance par-dessus bord des imprimés sur lesquels,
au préalable, il a pris la peine de mentionner la pression
barométrique et la température mesurées en
altitude ainsi que l'état du ciel. Il espère que
ces papiers seront ramassés par les habitants des régions
survolées, complétés par ceux-ci des mêmes
renseignements mais enregistrés au niveau du sol et envoyés
par la poste au siège de la Société Française
de Navigation Aérienne. </span></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/paillette_glace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Les paillettes de glace" border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/paillette_glace.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i></i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Albert Tissandier, totalement indifférent à l'activité désordonnée
qui l'entoure, se consacre à ses esquisses. Son frère,
Gaston, pompe avec entrain pour insuffler de l'air à travers
plusieurs tubes d'une machine expérimentale qui devrait
permettre de mesurer la composition de l'air en dosant la proportion
d'acide carbonique aux différentes altitudes traversées.
Pendant tous ces travaux nocturnes, il est intéressant de
préciser que les aéronautes utilisent
pour s'éclairer
des lampes de type Davy, exactement semblables à celles
employées par les mineurs. Il faut se souvenir qu'au-dessus
d'eux, à moins de trois mètres, 3 000 mètres
cubes de gaz d'éclairage les portent, du gaz dont une partie
s'échappe de temps à autre, soit par l'appendice
en cas d'excès de pression, soit par la soupape pour permettre
de stabiliser l'altitude. A la moindre étincelle, on imagine
la catastrophe. A chaque instant, il faut noter une foule de mesures
qui est fournie par les instruments embarqués et bien que
parfois le thermomètre descende jusqu'à moins quatre,
aucun des aéronautes ne s'en soucie le moins du monde. </span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Jobert
et Crocé-Spinelli décident d'expérimenter
l'appareil de mesure de vitesse imaginé par Alphonse Pénaud.
L'appareil, muni d'une alidade mobile, permet de viser sous un
angle connu, un repère choisi au sol. A l'aide de deux visées,
faites à des instants et sous des angles différents,
on obtient des mesures qui, appliquées à des formules
trigonométriques simples, permettent de calculer l'altitude
et la vitesse de déplacement du ballon. La vérification
réalisée plus tard permettra de constater la parfaite
exactitude des chiffres ainsi obtenus. </span></span></i></div>
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</i><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tiissandier_ballon3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tiissandier_ballon3.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Halo de Lune et croix lumineuse</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="right">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></i> </div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Pendant tout ce temps, le ballon se déplace
suivant un axe nord-est/sud-ouest: après Blois, la vitesse
du vent se ralentit.</span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
A quatre heures trente, les aéronautes observent la lune
produire un phénomène, très rare sous nos
latitudes, de réverbération sur la glace contenue
en suspension dans l'air. Gaston Tissandier, pour lequel toutes
ces particularités optiques n'ont plus de secret, se délecte
du spectacle. Son frère griffonne nerveusement ses croquis.
Le phénomène évolue lentement pour se muer
d'un cercle en une immense croix.</span></span></i></div>
<br />
<br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div align="center">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></i></div>
<i>
</i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Et à 10 heures, c'est le survol grandiose de la Gironde.
Au-dessous d'eux, ils distinguent le phare de Cordouan et plusieurs
steamers qui hissent par trois fois leur pavillon au passage du
ballon. Avec leurs mouchoirs, les aéronautes rendent aux
marins leur salut. </span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La réfraction du soleil sur l'immensité liquide
fait brutalement remonter le thermomètre. </span></span></i><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tiissandier_ballon4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tiissandier_ballon4.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Au-dessus de la Gironde</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Il leur faudra
32 minutes pour traverser l'estuaire. C'est le moment choisi pour
lancer les quatre pigeons voyageurs qui avaient été emportés.
Leur envol sera timide, surpris sans doute par l'altitude à laquelle
ils se trouvaient, en tous les cas, aucun ne sera capable de retrouver
son colombier.</span></span></i><br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> A partir de là, alors que les aéronautes
découvrent le lac de Carcans, le vent se fait plus capricieux.
Commence alors une série de manœuvres délicates
qui consistent à changer sans arrêt d'altitude pour
s'appuyer sur les courants favorables et éviter ainsi de
se voir emporter en direction de la mer. Le ballon se comporte
alors comme un voilier tirant des bords. Manœuvres fatigantes
s'il en est et qui ne vont durer pas moins de six heures avant
que nos héros n'envisagent enfin un atterrissage. Le bassin
d'Arcachon est en vue et il serait téméraire d'en
tenter sa traversée alors que la nuit pourrait les surprendre
avant la fin de celle-ci. Les aéronautes choisissent alors
de tenter un atterrissage malgré une nature plutôt
hostile. Les pins sont drus ne laissant que quelques espaces de
landes que l'on devine, malgré l'altitude, gorgées
d'eau. L'hiver vient de prendre fin, et le sol est saturé par
une eau que les crastes encore inexistantes ne peuvent évacuer.
L'ancre est lancée. Elle mord dans le sable humide. Le guiderope à frotteurs
de Sivel fait son office même s'il n'empêche pas la
nacelle d'être jetée brutalement contre les pins.
Les passagers, qui ne peuvent à cet instant compter que
sur eux-mêmes, se pendent à la corde de la soupape.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/landing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/landing.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aterrissage à Lanton</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Le ballon se dégonfle déjà quand accourent
de partout des bergers montés sur des échasses et
dont on ne sait si les cris qu'ils poussent sont de joie ou d'étonnement.
Ils aident au pliage de l'aérostat. Le ballon est chargé sur
une charrette et acheminé par des chemins impraticables
et recouverts d'eau jusqu'à la ferme de Monplaisir, sur
la commune de Lanton.</span></span></i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Attirés par ce nom prometteur, nos aéronautes doivent
très vite déchanter, et la période de carême
avancée comme excuse par nos compatriotes autochtones, justifie
maladroitement les seuls malheureux haricots qui graillonnent,
tourmentés dans l'eau d'une vilaine marmite. Enfin, à la
lumière de rudimentaires torches de résine, tout
le monde dîne tant bien que mal dans une cordiale hospitalité et
une saine gaieté. Lanton n'est pas encore raccordé au
réseau télégraphique et pendant ce temps,
un berger est allé quérir un chariot. Les voyageurs
y prennent place, et après bien des cahots qu'ils subissent
sans broncher trois heures durant, parviennent enfin à la
station de chemin de fer de Marcheprime. Le lendemain ils prendront
le premier train pour Bordeaux et de là, partiront le même
jour pour Paris.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div id="contenu">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> L'ascension aura duré 22 heures et 40 minutes.
Tous les objectifs sont atteints, le record, détenu jusqu'alors
par l'incontournable aéronaute anglais, Charles Green, pour
un vol de 18 heures réalisé en 1836, est battu et
même pulvérisé. Cette performance, à son
tour, résistera de longues années, puisqu'elle ne
sera dépassée que les 12 et 13 septembre 1886. A
cette date, le ballon Le National, monté par Henri Hervé,
réussira une ascension d'une durée de 24 heures et
30 minutes comprenant la traversée de la Manche dans le
sens France-Angleterre.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sciences.gloubik.info/IMG/jpg/2951-zenith4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://sciences.gloubik.info/IMG/jpg/2951-zenith4.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"></span></i></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Après un tel succès, à peine remis
de leurs émotions,
le matériel révisé et réparé,
la Société Française de Navigation Aérienne
ayant donné son blanc-seing, nos héros étaient
prêts pour passer, avec le Zénith, à la deuxième étape
de l'expérimentation : "toujours plus haut. </span></span></i></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>
</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Au petit matin du 15 avril suivant, toute
une équipe s'affaire
de nouveau, près de l'usine à gaz de la Villette,
aux préparatifs annonciateurs d'un envol. Comme la fois
précédente, le gonflage du ballon est exécuté sous
le contrôle avisé d'Adrien Duté-Poitevin, le
beau-frère de Sivel. Mais cette fois, la réussite
de l'expérience risque d'être directement proportionnelle
au poids emporté. Il a donc fallu se résoudre à réduire
le nombre des aéronautes amenés à la tenter.
Après bien des conciliabules et des discussions, il a été décidé,
d'un commun accord, que seuls Crocé-Spinelli, Sivel et Gaston
Tissandier seraient du voyage. </span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>
</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Comme lors de la précédente
ascension, tout un attirail scientifique, dont une partie servira à faire
face aux problèmes
respiratoires dus à la raréfaction de l'air en haute
altitude, est embarqué. Le "lâchez tout" est
donné à 11 heures 35 minutes exactement.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>
</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A 16 heures, dans l'Indre, sur le territoire
de la petite commune de Ciron, le Zénith ramenait à terre
deux morts, Crocé-Spinelli et Sivel, et un blessé,
Gaston Tissandier.</span></span></i></div>
<br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div align="center">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img alt="Une ascension mortelle" border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tissandier5.jpg" height="200" width="180" /></a></span></span></i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div align="right">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></i> </div>
<i>
</i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Que s'était-il passé ?</span></span></i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">L'ascension avait fort bien
commencé. En atteignant 7 000
mètres, les aéronautes avaient ressenti cette oppression
caractéristique des grandes altitudes et avaient inhalé,
suivant les prescriptions de Paul Bert, l'oxygène contenu
dans les réservoirs appropriés. A 7 500 mètres,
les trois hommes tour à tour étaient pris d'une sorte
de torpeur mélancolique. Mais assez vite, le ballon entamait
une descente qui allait leur permettre de retrouver un air plus
favorable.</span></span></i></div>
<br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i.ebayimg.com/15/!BpZNcc!Bmk~$(KGrHqMH-DsEuZts!PyYBLrNQJvSlw~~_35.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://i.ebayimg.com/15/!BpZNcc!Bmk~$(KGrHqMH-DsEuZts!PyYBLrNQJvSlw~~_35.JPG" height="155" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Malheureusement, et suivant le témoignage du
seul rescapé, Crocé-Spinelli se serait brutalement
réveillé aux alentours de 6.000 mètres et
pour une raison restée inconnue aurait jeté par-dessus
bord tout ce qui lui tombait sous la main. Cette attitude incompréhensible
aurait aussitôt entraîné une remontée
brutale du ballon. Celle-ci allait le propulser jusqu'à 8.600
mètres alors que les trois passagers sombraient, d'abord
dans un profond engourdissement, ensuite dans un véritable
coma, dont seul Gaston Tissandier sortirait au cours d'une nouvelle
descente engagée par le ballon. Redevenu à peu près
conscient, celui-ci reprenait le contrôle de l'aérostat
et parvenait à réussir un atterrissage de fortune.
Malheureusement ses deux compagnons, le visage cireux et la bouche
en sang, avaient cessé de vivre.</span></span></i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Louis Figuier, dès l'année suivante dans son
Année
Scientifique et Industrielle, proposera l'hypothèse, qui
semble aujourd'hui encore la plus plausible, des raisons de cette
catastrophe. Il voit deux causes à cet accident :</span></span></i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<blockquote>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> "Trois petits ballons de caoutchouc contenant 70 pour 100 d'oxygène,
et capable d'entretenir la respiration pendant une heure au plus,
voilà ce qu'emportaient les voyageurs. N'aurait-on pas
dû songer,
non seulement à les munir d'une plus forte proportion
de gaz respirable, mais encore à rendre, au moyen d'une
espèce
de masque posé devant la bouche, la respiration de l'oxygène
automatique, forcée, pour ainsi dire ?</span></span></i></blockquote>
<i>
</i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> "Et la seconde :</span></span></i><br />
<i>
</i><br />
<blockquote>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Ainsi, une précaution essentielle pour l'aéronaute,
c'est de s'élever avec lenteur, afin que son corps ne passe
pas avec une trop grande rapidité de la pression extérieure
normale à une pression insuffisante. En procédant
graduellement, il peut rendre beaucoup moins dangereux ce passage
de la pression ordinaire à une faible pression, ses organes
ayant le temps de s'y préparer et de réagir contre
cette cause d'accidents. Les ouvriers qui travaillent dans l'air
comprimé, pour la fondation des piles de pont sous l'eau,
ont bien soin de ménager cette transition du passage de
l'air extérieur à l'atmosphère d'air comprimé,
et ceux qui s'abstiennent de cette précaution en sont les
victimes. Les crachements de sang, les saignements de nez, les
vertiges, auxquels sont sujets les ouvriers qui travaillent dans
l'air comprimé, ont pour cause le mépris de la transition
d'une atmosphère à une autre. Ce qui est vrai pour
l'air comprimé l'est également pour l'air raréfié,
car c'est la même cause agissant dans un sens inverse. [...]
Nous sommes convaincus que dans le cas du Zénith la trop
grande rapidité d'ascension a été pour
beaucoup dans la catastrophe. </span></span></i></blockquote>
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tombeau.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="La tombe de Crocé-Spinelli et Sivel" border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/tombeau.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Après deux jours de repos forcé, Gaston Tissandier,
très choqué, pouvait rentrer à Paris et
assister aux funérailles grandioses réservées à ses
deux malheureux compagnons, martyrs de la science. Il est facile
de deviner le bruit qu'avait fait cette catastrophe dont il était
question dans tous les journaux.</span></span></i></div>
<br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div align="center">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Une souscription publique était ouverte qui permettait d'ériger à la gloire de ces deux héros un magnifique tombeau dans le cimetière du Père-Lachaise. Le monument ne sera inauguré que le 25 mars 1881. (Le physiologiste) <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bert">Paul Bert</a> sera nommé subrogé-tuteur de Marie, la fille de Sivel, devenue orpheline. </span></span></i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>L'examen des différents documents et des mesures enregistrées permettra de confirmer de façon quasi certaine l'altitude de 8.600 mètres atteinte par le Zénith. C'était la deuxième meilleure performance jamais réalisée, mais à quel prix ! Un ballon anglais, monté par les aéronautes Coxwell et Glaisher, avait sans doute légèrement dépassé en 1862, les 8.800 mètres..</i></span></span><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><br />
<div id="contenu">
<div style="background-color: white;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></i></div>
</div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Durant la grande guerre, Maurice Dreyfous, qui
avait été l'éditeur
de Gaston Tissandier, écrira dans un livre de souvenirs
que ce grand aéronaute lui aurait révélé certains
détails sur la catastrophe du Zénith qu'il avait
jusqu'alors volontairement cachés au public. </span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>
</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/chromo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Chromo" border="0" src="http://leonc.free.fr/histoire/ballon/images/chromo.jpg" height="200" width="115" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Et l'on apprend
que ce serait Sivel, et non Crocé-Spinelli, qui serait à l'origine
de la brusque et mortelle remontée du ballon. Celui-ci,
qui avait la charge de contrôler à chaque instant
sur le baromètre l'altitude du ballon, aurait été victime
de sa myopie et aurait cru lire que l'aérostat allait
toucher terre. Et c'est lui qui aurait alors lancé par-dessus
bord tout ce qui s'était trouvé à sa portée.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>
</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Maurice Dreyfous raconte aussi que Gaston Tissandier avait
gardé,
de cette terrible ascension du Zénith, une méchante
surdité qui allait s'augmenter avec l'âge. En
1899, il mourra fou, atteint d'accès de vanité maladive.</span></span></i></div>
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Le 10 avril 1875, Gaston Tissandier publie <a href="http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.4/297/80/433/0/0">L'ascension de longue durée du ballon le Zénith</a> dans le journal hebdomadaire illustré, La Nature, dont il est le rédacteur en chef. </span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le 16 avril, le lendemain du drame, il <a href="http://sciences.gloubik.info/spip.php?article101">écrit</a> </span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> au</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> secrétaire de la Société française de navigation aérienne</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le 1<sup class="typo_exposants">er</sup> mai 1875<i>, il publie</i> <a href="http://sciences.gloubik.info/IMG/pdf/ballon-le-zenith.pdf"><i>Le voyage à grande hauteur du ballon le Zénith</i></a> dans le 100è numéro de <i>La Nature</i>. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">L'aventure du Zénith fait l'objet du vingtième chapitre d'un livre publié en 1878, <i>Histoire de mes ascensions - Récit
de vingt quatre voyages aériens - 1868 - 1877</i>. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Les dessins sont de son frère
Albert.</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Soixante ans après la catastrophe, le 15 avril 1935, Jacques Boyer publie un<a href="http://sciences.gloubik.info/spip.php?article108"> article </a>commémoratif dans La Nature (n°2951)</span></span></div>
<br />
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-66225832438243432642014-11-26T19:04:00.001-08:002016-12-16T15:29:14.467-08:00Histoires de suspension.. sans suspense (1)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Un coup de bistouri dans l'air</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">À visée éducative ou
encyclopédique au départ (les années 1830), l’illustration
imprimée au XIXè siècle devint chose commune
dans les années 1890. La démocratisation de la presse quotidienne se reflétait dans les suppléments hebdomadaires. Sous la Restauration les journaux s'adressaient à
une élite, entre la monarchie de Juillet et le Second Empire,
l'analphabétisme et le prix de vente diminuant, la clientèle
augmenta. Aussi bien les manufactures attiraient la main d’œuvre
dans les villes. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sous la Troisième République, les journaux
devinrent un élément incontournable de la vie quotidienne, au même
titre que le pain, le sel et le vin. La loi du 29 juillet 1880, avant-gardiste s'il en est et conçue dans un contexte de libération de la presse, visait à affranchir les journaux de toutes sortes de contraintes en accordant des délais de procédure très courts à</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> ceux qui voulaient les attaquer.
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Et puis vint la Belle Époque,
vingt années de grande liberté de la presse et de développement
des pratiques de lecture avant le premier conflit mondial.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La popularisation de la
presse amena les quotidiens à transformer profondément leur
formule. Pour conserver leurs lecteurs mais aussi en conquérir de
nouveaux, il leur fallut s'adapter aux préoccupations et aux goûts
d'un public pour qui la valeur des événements se mesurait à l'aune des
émotions ressenties. L'inspirateur fut le <i>Penny Magazine</i> (1832), le
premier à associer textes et gravures. Né dans le contexte libéral
londonien, il avait pour objectif explicite d'éduquer les classes
laborieuses et de leur transmettre des connaissances utiles de
manière agréable et moyennant un coût modique. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On songe à la devise
choisie par Peter Anthony Motteux pour son <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2536326065811512335#editor/target=post;postID=2383155067895796472;onPublishedMenu=posts;onClosedMenu=posts;postNum=0;src=link"><i>Gentleman's Journal</i></a> un
siècle et demi auparavant.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://collections.bm-lyon.fr/PER0011647?pageOrder=5">La Société des Pendus</a> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">par <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ulbach">Louis Ulbach</a>, dit Ferragus, </span></span>in <i>Le Progrès Illustré n° 37</i> - 30 août 1891</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Le_Progr%C3%A8s_illustr%C3%A9_-_Explosion_au_caf%C3%A9_V%C3%A9ry.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Le_Progr%C3%A8s_illustr%C3%A9_-_Explosion_au_caf%C3%A9_V%C3%A9ry.jpg" height="200" width="140" /></a><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On m'a raconté ces
jours-ci une histoire de pendus bien amusante. Un médecin anglais
voulant faire des expériences sur des cadavres tout frais,
c'est-à-dire encore chauds, avait obtenu l'autorisation de
transporter dans un laboratoire arrangé tout exprès et voisin de la
prison, les corps des suppliciés, dès que ceux-ci donnaient la
preuve de leur parfaite immobilité. La preuve? Je devrais dire
l'apparence ; car les pendus étaient à peine rassasiés des
émotions douces que donne, paraît-il, la pendaison, qu'on les
décrochait, qu'on les remettait à M. Furster, et je dois dire que,
par précaution, celui-ci ne manquait jamais de leur couper le cou,
ce qui coupait toute chance de réveil ou de protestation, dans le
cas d'une persistance effrontée de la vie.</span></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9015543m/f1.highres" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9015543m/f1.highres" height="200" width="136" /></a><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il arriva qu'un jour un
beau pendu, au sujet duquel toute la presse anglaise s'était
disputée, car les uns le déclaraient innocent, tandis que les
autres affirmaient sa profonde scélératesse,</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> fut transporté dans le
cabinet du docteur, et celui-ci rêvait sur le crâne, sur les bosses
du supplicié les plus profondes, les plus minutieuses études. Aussi
s'empressa-t-il de lui introduire son bistouri dans la gorge pour le
décapiter, quand un coup frappé à la porte du laboratoire vint
distraire l'opérateur. C'était une cliente qui le faisait demander en toute hâte. A Londres, comme à Paris, il y a des clientes qu'on
ne fait pas attendre. Le pendu entamé</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> pouvait bien tolérer ce
dérangement. Le docteur laissa son sujet d'observation pour aller
donner la consultation demandée. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il paraît que le pendu avait une
dernière chance. L'air qui s'était introduit par l'ouverture
pratiquée dans le muscle sterno-claviculaire le fit tressaillir ; —
il respira, respira, respira et revint à lui. Se livra-t-il au
monologue classique :</span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></i><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Où suis-je? Je ne
saurais le dire, mais il fut très étonné, et comme l'instinct do
la conservation est aussi énergique chez les coquins que chez les
honnêtes gens, il songea tout d'abord à arrêter le sang qui
coulait et à s'évader. Il s'entortilla avec une des serviettes
desti</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">nées à recevoir son
cerveau, remarqua la montre en or du docteur posée sur la table, à
sa portée, la ramassa et se disposait à sortir, quand le docleur,
impatient de continuer les expériences et ayant peur de laisser trop
refroidir son mort, rentra dans le cabinet. On juge de la stupeur, de
l'horreur du médecin. Il n'avait pas peur d'un mort; mais il eut
peur d'un vivant pareil.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.bm-lyon.fr/expo/virtuelles/sang/21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.bm-lyon.fr/expo/virtuelles/sang/21.jpg" height="200" width="137" /></a></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Qui vous a permis?...
balbutia-t-il.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Ah ! monsieur,
laissez-moi respirer ! Je retiens de si loin. L'ex-pendu regardait à
la montre qu'il avait prise.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Combien de temps
suis-je resté pendu?</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Mais vous m'avez volé
ma montre ! s'écria le docteur.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Et vous, monsieur,
que prétendiez-vous me voler?</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Je vais vous faire
rependre !</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Ah ! Monsieur, ne
faites pas cela ! Maintenant que la mémoire me revient, je sens que</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">j'ai des révélations
bien curieuses à vous faire et qui seraient perdues avec moi.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Voyons ! je t'écoute,
dit le médecin, dont la curiosité s'éveilla.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Monsieur, on a
toujours parlé, sans les avoir expérimentés, des plaisirs
qu'éprouve un pendu. Personne n'a pu les décrire. Vous les
raconterez d'après moi.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Au fait, c'est une
idée ! Sont-ils réellement si grands ?</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Ah ! monsieur, c'est
l'ivresse du ciel, avec des tiraillements infernaux !</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.kiwaida.nu/bmk/public/detail_lejardindesdelices.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.kiwaida.nu/bmk/public/detail_lejardindesdelices.jpg" height="200" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">J. Bosch - Le jardin des délices (détail)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le pendu fit son récit ;
le docteur devint rêveur ; puis, après une méditation de quelques</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">minutes :</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— Tu as bien fait de
ressusciter, lui dit-il, ta fortune et la mienne sont assurées, on
te croit</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">mort ; reste mort et ne
me quitte plus.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Quelques jours après, le
savant docteur Furster fondait discrètement à Londres, à l'usage</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">des gens blasés, le Club
des Pendus.</span></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Il n'y avait pas, dans ce
temps-là, de journalistes curieux pour révéler les débauches
auxquelles ils étaient admis. Des lords, des membres de la plus
haute aristocratie venaient demander à la pendaison les émotions
délicieuses annoncées dans les prospectus du docteur.</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> On les accrochait pendant
quelque temps, et, grâce sans doute à une forte congestion, ils
goûtaient des extases que je ne désespère pas de voir raconter par
des romanciers de la clinique contemporaine. Le docteur, auquel son
aide avait rendu sa montre, comptait exactement les minutes et les
pulsations, et, au moment précis où le danger de mort commençait,
l'ancien pendu coupait la corde, et le client revenait à la réalité.</span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></i>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://criminocorpus.org/media/filer_public_thumbnails/filer_public/16/93/16934af3-1e12-4a79-a9c2-c0a44bb061e0/13_16.jpg__1000x600_q85_crop_subsampling-2_upscale.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://criminocorpus.org/media/filer_public_thumbnails/filer_public/16/93/16934af3-1e12-4a79-a9c2-c0a44bb061e0/13_16.jpg__1000x600_q85_crop_subsampling-2_upscale.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Anonyme - Miracle de St Quentin<i><br /></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></i><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le docteur gagna beaucoup
d'argent à ce métier, et son aide s'enrichit avec lui ; ce qui<b> </b>fit supposer au docteur
que le scélérat, pendu jadis pour vol et assassinat, était devenu,
dans</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> sa vie nouvelle, un très
honnête homme : la distance entre le crime et la vertu ne tenant</span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> souvent qu'à un écart
un peu trop grand entre la poche de l'un et l'argent de l'autre. Une
vieille femme qui, ayant appris le secret, voulut essayer par
elle-même, et qui, à la suite d'une crise nerveuse, devint
prophétesse, extatique, visionnaire et sainte, découvrit la chose à
la police. On sait que la police anglaise n'agit jamais d'elle-même.
Ses plus hauts fonctionnaires, qui étaient des clients du docteur,
furent obligés de paraître fâchés. On ferma le club ; on pria le
docteur de quitter Londres et l'Angleterre, et le gin resta seul
dispensateur des extases anglicanes. Parmi les amateurs les plus
passionnés de la pendaison se faisait remarquer le marquis de S...
Il fut désolé d'apprendre le malheur qui frappait le club, il ne
voulut se séparer de son cher docteur qu'à la dernière extrémité,
il l'accompagna jusqu'à Douvres; peut-être même voulait-il aller
en Allemagne, où M. Forster espérait fonder une école nouvelle de
sentimentalisme, pour prévenir les suicides à la Werther.</span></span></i>
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Douvres, après un souper joyeux, le marquis de S... pria le. docteur
de lui donner son dessert paradisiaque ; mais, par un caprice de
grand seigneur, il exigea que le médecin fût pendu, en face de lui,
pour qu'ils pussent comparer ensuite leurs ivresses, après le même
menu. Le docteur se prêta à cette fantaisie de son dernier client.
Il se fit accrocher en face du</i></span></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>marquis
par son aide, en recommandant bien à celui-ci de couper la corde à
une minute précise qu'il fixa. Il paraît que l'ancien voleur
n'était pas devenu assez riche pour être tout à fait honnête ; il
voulut s'enrichir davantage pour être plus vite vertueux.</i></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Dès
qu'il vit les deux hommes bien pendus, il prit les bank-notes du
marquis, toute la fortune du docteur, et s'en alla tranquillement
prendre passage sur le bateau de Calais.</i></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les jouissances des deux
pendus restèrent ignorées. On crut d'abord à leur suicide ; on
s'étonna de les trouver dépouillés, et les soupçons vinrent. Mais
l'ex-décroché de la prison de Londres avait de quoi se payer des
ailes ; jamais on ne l'aurait repris s'il n'avait eu l'idée de
fonder à Paris un petit club dans le genre de celui de son patron.
Il s'y prit mal, oublia encore de dépendre un client, fut pincé et
guillotiné, ce qui lui enleva tout espoir; car il persistait à
croire que toutes ses cordes de pendus lui portaient bonheur.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">J'ai dit que mon histoire
est vraie. La mort du dernier des Condés pourrait servir à la
confirmer. Car il paraît certain que, quand on trouva le prince
accroché à l'espagnolette du château de Chantilly, c'était à la
suite d'un innocent essai de plaisir. Seulement, on avait oublié de
le décrocher.</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le Progrès illustré, supplément hebdomadaire du journal Le Progrès, est paru chaque dimanche entre décembre 1890 et septembre 1905. Témoignages d’une époque et de l'engouement pour les faits-divers, 750 numéros ont été mis en ligne par la <a href="http://collections.bm-lyon.fr/presseXIX/showObject?id=PER003&date=00001130">Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon</a>.</span></span></div>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-83274680224502751802014-11-13T12:56:00.002-08:002022-08-09T11:17:22.045-07:00L'autopsie psychologique<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">En 1194, les ministres de Richard Ier <i>Coeur de Lion</i>, descendant direct de Guillaume de Normandie, roi d'Angleterre, mirent sur pied l'institution des coroners, agents de la Couronne chargés d'enquêter sur les causes et les circonstances de décès obscurs ou violents. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La langue française avait succédé au normand en 1154 (et se maintint pendant 250 ans), comme en témoigne cet<i> Honni soit qui mal y pense</i> sur le blason d'une cour de coroner
(on y voit aussi la devise des souverains britanniques : <i>Dieu et mon
droit</i>) qui s'adresse à ceux qui suspecteraient quelque intention malicieuse ou malveillante derrière les paroles prononcées ou les actes accomplis, sans arrière-pensée, à la Cour du coroner.<br /> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">L'autopsie psychologique, appelée <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquest"><i>enquête de coroner</i></a> dans les pays anglo-saxons comme le Royaume-Uni et l'Irlande est une pratique obligée en cas de mort violente ou non naturelle, ou lorsque le post-mortem n'a pu élucider la cause du décès. Le <a href="http://www.coronersociety.org.uk/">coroner</a> (du latin <i>corona</i>, 'couronne') peut décider d'enquêter aussi lorsqu'une personne décède dans les 24 heures de son admission dans un hôpital ou d'une opération chirurgicale et, en cas de mort naturelle, parce qu'il juge l'enquête de l'intérêt du public. Par ailleurs, tout décès survenu en cours d'incarcération ou en garde à vue fait l'objet d'une enquête de coroner.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Il s'agit pour le coroner non d'accuser, non de défendre, non de blâmer, mais de recueillir des informations sur le contexte de l'événement, le paysage familial et social, le parcours de vie de la victime, en un mot de rechercher des faits auprès d'un grand nombre de proches (pas seulement la famille). En ce sens l'<a href="http://www.inquest.org.uk/help/handbook/section-4-1-before-the-inquest">enquête du coroner</a> se démarque de la <i>Common Law</i> (procédure accusatoire). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Qui était la victime ? Quand, où, comment et dans quelles circonstances a eu lieu le décès ?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Au terme de l'enquête du coroner, ouverte au public mais sans publicité, une audience a lieu et un verdict est émis quant au type de décès. Plusieurs verdicts sont possibles : cause naturelle, accident ou mésaventure, suicide, narratif (le coroner décrit les circonstances ayant mené au décès), homicide, divers (toxicomanie..), négligence, ouvert (éléments probants insuffisants). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQqznBgWDchw1woFa9S5SSw46Sx6fq9leP_YORy09WZQQOiv_LZaW-dyNL5" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQqznBgWDchw1woFa9S5SSw46Sx6fq9leP_YORy09WZQQOiv_LZaW-dyNL5" width="200" /></a>Les faits mis au jour par l'équipe du coroner sont probants si le
coroner établit avec certitude qu'ils sont avec une grande probabilité à même d'étayer le verdict final. Les verdicts d'homicide et de suicide, néanmoins, exigent que les éléments probants le soient au-delà de tout doute raisonnable.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le coroner n'a pas de décision à prendre en cas de négligence médicale, tout au plus peut-il ajouter "aggravé par auto-négligence ou manque de soin" aux quatre premiers verdicts. La Haute Cour a trois mois pour s'opposer au verdict.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">C'est le coroner qui choisit les témoins. Certains déposent simplement, à d'autres est demandé un rapport, seuls les propos controversés exigent la comparution du témoin cité à l'audience finale. Le coroner autorise les personnes qui ont (selon lui) un intérêt direct dans l'enquête à poser des questions. Mais, contrairement aux tribunaux de <i>Common Law</i>, il n'y a pas de contre-interrogatoire ni d'obligation de répondre si la réponse est susceptible d'incriminer. Si le coroner juge qu'il n'a pu réunir tous les renseignements nécessaires ou si une enquête criminelle doit être envisagée, il y a ajournement.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">En règle générale, au terme de l'audition finale, le coroner prononce des paroles réconfortantes pour les proches de la victime et fait quelques recommandations destinées au public que souvent les médias relaient. Lorsque les informations qu'il a recueillies donnent à penser que des décès pourraient être évités dans l'avenir, le coroner rédige un rapport résumant les faits antérieurs au décès et les circonstances, et préconisant des actions de prévention. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Ce rapport est envoyé aux personnes et associations concernées, aux organismes administratifs, établissements et ministères aptes à prendre les mesures nécessaires pour prévenir le risque mis en lumière. Le délai pour répondre est de 56 jours. (deux mois lunaires). Ces rapports, autrefois désignés comme <i>Rule 43</i>, sont désormais publiés sur <a href="http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/">www.judiciary.gov.uk</a> et donc à disposition de tout un chacun. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A coroner's inquest - 'Living London' (1901)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Bien que le travail du coroner consiste à enquêter sur des morts, son mandat premier est de protéger les vivants, en veillant à éviter que des décès de même nature ne se reproduisent. Le coroner a un rôle de veilleur, de sentinelle faisant passer d'un terrain dangereux à un terrain d'entente, il est un passeur de mémoire.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i> Speaking for the dead to protect the living</i></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Le rôle du coroner est central</span></span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Suicide - <a href="http://www.google.pt/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inserm.fr%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F7302%2F56217%2Fversion%2F1%2Ffile%2FTexte%2Bintegral%2Bsuicide%2Bautopsie%2Bpsycho%2B%25282005%2529.pdf&ei=sRuFVJPmGou5Ubu3hNAP&usg=AFQjCNHk10tIagrmbBBlcmP7-P8G0Y1cyA&sig2=a8T5Avqoz71mY7Gie-IrMg&bvm=bv.80642063,d.d24">Autopsie psychologique, outil de recherche en prévention</a>, Inserm 2005</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">En mars 2005, l'INSERM rendit publiques ses conclusions sur l'autopsie psychologique, une étude demandée par la
DGS (la Direction générale de la santé) à propos de certains cas de suicide et dans un objectif de prévention. Le recueil d'informations sur la victime auprès de son entourage permettait-elle de comprendre ce qui avait pu l'amener à un tel acte ?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La compilation des données montra que la grande majorité des suicidés
souffraient de troubles mentaux et en particulier de dépression.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Quatre experts
européens examinèrent 350 publications scientifiques et
différents rapports nationaux et internationaux. Les conclusions de cette revue devaient déboucher sur l'étude des conditions d'instauration, en France, d'une enquête susceptible d'identifier les facteurs de risque psychosociaux et environnementaux. Selon les experts, "cette approche devrait
également permettre de mieux appréhender les interactions complexes
entre les différents paramètres susceptibles d'être impliqués
dans le geste suicidaire". </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">La conduite des entretiens, qui donnait aux proches de la victime l'occasion de prendre la parole, devait être confiée à des psychologues ou psychiatres capables d'aider ces proches dans la <i>gestion de leurs émotions</i> et le fameux <i>travail de deuil</i>.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Se fondant sur les autopsies psychologiques, qui devraient prendre en compte aussi les facteurs biologiques et génétique, des études pourraient être lancées sur des populations spécifiques (personnes âgées, homosexuels...) dans la perspective du risque suicidaire et d'une épidémiologie du suicide. </span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Les experts soulignèrent que la mise sur pied de l'autopsie psychologique nécessiterait une étude de faisabilité dans le contexte médical et juridique français.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">L’obstacle
médico-légal est défini dans l’<b>article 81 du code civil</b> qui
précise que :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Lorsqu'il y aura des signes ou indices de mort violente, ou d'autres
circonstances qui donneront lieu de le soupçonner, on ne pourra
faire l'inhumation qu'après qu'un officier de police, assisté d'un
docteur en médecine ou en chirurgie, aura dressé procès-verbal de
l'état du cadavre et des circonstances y relatives, ainsi que des
renseignements qu'il aura pu recueillir sur les prénoms, nom, âge,
profession, lieu de naissance et domicile de la personne décédée.</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Canas
F et al. – <a href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16631549">L'obstacle médico-légal dans le certificat de décès</a>
('How to alert the coroner's office with the death certificate ?') in
<i>La revue du praticien</i>, vol 55 n°6, 2005</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Les
objectifs du présent article consistent à clarifier les notions de
mort violente, suspecte et naturelle, et de définir les situations
où l'obstacle médico-légal doit être signalé, en se référant
aux recommandations de l'Ordre national des médecins et à la
<a href="http://prison.eu.org/spip.php?article2953">recommandation européenne n° R (99) 3 </a>relative à l'harmonisation
des règles en matière d'autopsie médico-légale. En pratique, les
situations requérant l'obstacle médico-légal sont les suivantes:
homicide ou suspicion d'homicide, suicide ou suspicion de suicide,
violation des droits de l'homme, décès en détention ou
potentiellement associé à des actions de police ou militaires, mort
engageant une responsabilité éventuelle, mort mettant en jeu une
législation particulière, catastrophe collective, mort subite
inattendue, corps non identifiés ou restes squelettiques. Un
principe de base est qu'une mort non attendue reste non naturelle
jusqu'à preuve médico-légale du contraire!</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Scott
Cl et al. – <a href="http://www.psych.theclinics.com/article/S0193-953X%2806%2900045-1/abstract">The psychological autopsy : solving the mysteries of death</a>, in <i>Psychiatric Clinics of North America</i> 2006 Sep;29(3): 805-22</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>The
psychological autopsy is an important assessment tool used to
identify aspects of a person's life that explain any lingering
mystery that shrouds their death. In addition to answering questions
of the past, the psychological autopsy has significant implications
for the future. Statistics obtained from mortality data affect the
course of health care research, the flow of resources, and ultimately
public health policy. From a public health perspective, the
misclassification of suicides as accidents or deaths from natural
causes can negatively affect research funding and policy development
related to suicide prevention efforts, making a standardized and
accurate procedure imperative. Although the psychological autopsy was
developed initially as a tool to assist the coroner in clarifying the
cause of death, this procedure has transcended the confines of
forensic science and has applications in the many arenas of
litigation and public health policy.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Expertise
collective – Compte rendu de la rencontre-débat autour de
l'expertise opérationnelle : <a href="http://www.inserm.fr/content/download/1407/12955/file/autopsie_rencontre_debat.pdf">Autopsie psychologique, Mise en œuvre et démarches associées</a>, Inserm 2008</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Ce
document rapporte les propos tenus lors de la rencontre-débat autour
de l'expertise opérationnelle "Autopsie psychologique, mise en
œuvre et démarches associées" du 10 septembre 2008. La DGS a
sollicité l'Inserm à deux reprises pour faire un bilan des
connaissances sur la démarche d’autopsie psychologique en
recherche. Un premier rapport a été établi en 2005, faisant le
point sur l’ensemble de la littérature, à la suite duquel la DGS
a souhaité approfondir le sujet. Un groupe de travail a ainsi défini
un certain nombre de principes et analysé les obstacles liés à
cette démarche. En introduction, les intérêts et les limites de
l'autopsie psychologique en recherche sont présentés. La première
table ronde s'interroge sur les domaines dans lesquels les recherches
impliquant l'autopsie psychologique pourrait avoir un impact sur la
prévention du suicide. La seconde table ronde s'intéresse aux
moyens et compétences nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre de
recherches impliquant l'autopsie psychologique.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.inserm.fr/thematiques/sante-publique/dossiers-d-information/suicide-autopsie-psychologique-et-prevention">Suicide : autopsie psychologique et prévention</a>, Inserm 2010</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Bernstein
D – Speaking From Beyond the Grave : <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/shrinking-crime/201107/speaking-beyond-the-grave-how-psychological-autopsies-can-help-families-">How Psychological Autopsies Can Help Families Find Closure</a>, in Shrinking Crime, July 2011</span></span></div>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-33252778213932817672014-11-09T17:13:00.000-08:002015-12-05T08:44:45.372-08:00Le syndrome de Münchhausen<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pionniers ou <i>very dangerous doctors</i> ?</span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_de_M%C3%BCnchhausen_par_procuration">syndrome de Münchhausen par procuration</a> est le syndrome de prédilection, pour ne pas dire dévorant, de certains pédiatres. On l'appelle parfois "syndrome de Meadow", du nom de son inventeur, le Dr Roy Meadow. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le syndrome de Münchhausen "tout court" a été décrit en 1951 par le Dr R. Asher dans le <i>British Medical Journal</i>. Le Dr Meadow, en 1977, lui adjoignit le crucial "par procuration". </span></span></div>
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Pourquoi "Münchhausen" ? C'est le nom d'un baron militaire qui s'inventait des exploits invraisemblables comme guerrier. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://francotchequie.free.fr/images-site-tchequie/coutumes-tcheques/bucher-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://francotchequie.free.fr/images-site-tchequie/coutumes-tcheques/bucher-2.jpg" height="152" width="200" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le bûcher des sorcières</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Au cours des règnes d'Elizabeth I et de Jacques 1er, dans l'Angleterre des 16è et 17è siècles, des lois furent promulguées contre la sorcellerie. Il en résulta la mise à mort d'environ soixante-dix mille sorcières. Toute soi-disant sorcière était poursuivie puis torturée jusqu'à ce qu'elle avoue ses méfaits. Après un procès sommaire à base de ouï-dire et de spéculations, elle était immanquablement condamnée à mort. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Les sorcières étaient brûlées en masse. La dernière à l'être, Alice Molland, serait morte en 1685. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">De quelle sorte d'insanité s'agissait-il ? Les autorités étaient-elles ignorantes ou excessivement zélées ?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Plus grave : l'histoire se répéterait-elle ?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On parle de MSBP (<i>Münchhausen syndrome by proxy</i>) quand un parent (ou une nounou) fabrique, exagère ou induit des problèmes de santé chez l'enfant dont il/elle est chargé(e). Cette forme de simulation exercée sur un autre, donc "par procuration", doit être distinguée de la simulation effectuée sur soi-mêm<i>e.</i> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">es troubles fictifs allégués visent à capter l'attention, à simuler un soin admirable, le leurre gisant au cœur de l'opération. Ce comportement insaisissable est une forme souvent mésestimée, potentiellement mortelle d'abus ou de négligence difficile à définir, détecter et confirmer.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le MSBP suscita évidemment de violentes controverses. Au Royaume-Uni, les mères de plusieurs nourrissons morts subitement furent accusées sans vergogne, certaines ayant été conséquemment privées de leurs autres enfants ou même emprisonnées comme meurtrières... Tel fut le sort de la malheureuse Sally Clark<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span>une avocate accusée d'avoir tué ses deux bébés (par étouffement) par le Dr Meadow qui se réclamait de <a href="http://www.apmep.fr/IMG/pdf/Affaire_Sally_Clark.pdf">statistiques</a> (i<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">neptement</span> interprétées) pour donner du corps à son obsession : les morts au berceau sont souvent des bébés étouffés. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hormis le MSBP, qui ferait un millier de parents meurtriers par an, le Dr Roy Meadow s'illustra brillamment dans l'histoire de la médecine par son aberrant usage des statistiques. Un usage tellement en dépit du bon sens que le président de la <a href="http://www.rss.org.uk/site/cms/contentCategoryView.asp?category=289">Royal Statistical Society</a> se fit un devoir d'<a href="http://www.rss.org.uk/uploadedfiles/userfiles/files/Letter-RSS-President-Lord-Chancellor-Sally-Clark-case.pdf">écrire </a>au Lord Chancelier, autrement dit à l'un des plus importants hauts-fonctionnaires du gouvernement britannique, pour mettre les points sur les i.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C'était un fait sans précédent.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRDpxlp7-DWQMhrRmoFZVZktr8vHxTrw-7KzjFeZJT3jkxxgNho" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRDpxlp7-DWQMhrRmoFZVZktr8vHxTrw-7KzjFeZJT3jkxxgNho" /></a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Avant cette rectification, Sally Clark passa trois ans en prison, y fut traitée comme une infanticide, ne s'en remit jamais et laissa rapidement un orphelin, son troisième enfant, né en prison.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Un autre pédiatre, le Dr David Southall, émule du Dr Meadow, regardait la TV un soir d'avril 2000. <i><i>Channel 4 </i></i>diffusait<i><i> </i></i>un<i><i> </i>Dispatch </i>consacré à la mort subite du nourrisson. Stephen Clark, le mari de Sally (avocat comme elle), y était interviewé. Tel la foudre, le soupçon tomba sur le Dr Southall et l'éblouit, le vrai meurtrier était le père, pas la mère, il alerta la police, une enquête eut lieu... <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Vainement</span> mais douloureusement, surtout pour un très petit enfant déjà privé de mère.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le Dr Southall n'en était pas à ses premières armes. Certes il ne cherchait qu'à sauver des enfants des griffes de parents dont il perçait la face cachée criminelle. En 1998, il avait ainsi accusé Mandy M, la mère d'un garçon de 10 ans retrouvé en semi-suspension en 1996, d'avoir tué son fils. Car, comme il était notoire que Lee était un enfant heureux, le suicide n'avait pas de sens. Restait l'assassinat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le pédiatre n’avait pas la moindre preuve pour étayer une si effrayante supposition. Mais il avait une solide expérience en matière de protection de l’enfance, l'estime de ses confrères et une idée fixe, un fléau à traquer et à abattre, la maltraitance.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jamais le moindre doute n'effleura le Dr Southall. Lorsque le tribunal, fort d'éléments probants circonstanciels, le débouta de ses accusations contre Mandy M, il se prit pour Cassandre, vouée à prédire le vrai sans être jamais crue, image de la lucidité broyée par l'obscurantisme.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le Dr Meadow et le Dr Southall eurent maille à partir avec le <i>General Medical Council</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Medical_Council">GMC</a>, l'ordre des médecins britannique), une épreuve qu'ils traversèrent en victimes... de l'ignorance et de parents abusifs. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">En France, fort heureusement, les pédiatres sont <a href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-figures-de-la-psy-2005-2-page-149.htm">infiniment plus nuancés</a> en matière de MSBP.</span></span><br />
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-76602773358140088712014-11-08T15:55:00.000-08:002014-12-01T14:06:36.386-08:00Le radar samaritain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rembrandt - Le bon Samaritain</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Depuis
plus de soixante ans l'association caritative <a href="http://www.samaritans.org/"><i>Samaritans</i></a> apporte un
soutien compassionnel à quiconque, traversant une détresse émotionnelle, peinant à surmonter une situation ou en danger de suicide, les sollicite </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">en Irlande ou au Royaume-Uni.</span><br />
Toutes les 6 secondes, quelqu'un entre en contact avec les <i>Samaritains</i>. Dix fois par minute l'occasion d'aider quelqu'un leur est offerte. C'est, selon eux, à la fois un <i>privilège</i> et une énorme <i>responsabilité</i>.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">Pas un article sur un fait-divers lié à la drogue, sur un suicide, un accident, une catastrophe, sans, en conclusion, un rappel des coordonnées des </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">Samaritans</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Le 29 octobre 2014 ils ont lancé une application pour smart phone, une sorte
de radar. Éthique ? Utile ? Acceptable ? Légal ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Certes les intentions présidant à cette innovation sont louables (identifier les individus vulnérables), mais aussi bien qui ignore de quoi l'enfer est pavé ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">De quoi s'agissait-il (car les <a href="http://paulbernal.wordpress.com/2014/11/01/samaritans-radar-misunderstanding-privacy-and-publicness/">critiques</a> qui ont fusé ont amené les <i>Samaritains</i> à <a href="http://www.samaritans.org/news/samaritans-radar-announcement-friday-7-november">suspendre</a> l'application le 7 novembre jusqu'à plus ample information).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">L'application était conçue pour scanner automatiquement les tweets de tous les tweeters que suit quelqu'un afin de repérer des phrases préoccupantes, pouvant indiquer que le tweeter est en danger. Le tweeter ignore que ses tweets sont scannés, seule le sait la personne qui a autorisé l'application à... espionner (même si c'est pour son bien) le tweeter. Or on a peu de contrôle sur ceux qui vous suivent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Et qu'advient-il dans tout ça de la vie privée ?</span></div>
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2536326065811512335.post-85677931774441907242014-10-30T18:30:00.000-07:002014-11-29T21:02:28.071-08:00Are your students 'playing' the Fainting Game ? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><br /><br />À l'origine de cet article, il y a une demande du BJSN, <a href="http://www.magonlinelibrary.com/toc/bjsn/4/2">The British Journal for School Nursing</a>, alerté par le <a href="http://www.jeudufoulard.com/pdf/apeas_colloque.pdf">colloque international</a> sur les jeux d'évanouissement qu'organisa l'Apéas en automne 2009 à Paris. <br /><br />Il est révélateur que cet article, pourtant <a href="http://www.soulspace.me.uk/aheadofthegrief/article.cgi.pdf">mis en ligne</a> assez rapidement, n'ait suscité pratiquement aucune réaction. En tout cas apparente. Les médias continuèrent à spéculer de manière invraisemblable sur les motifs de ces étranges morts d'enfants et d'adolescents qui n'avaient jamais donné l'impression de vouloir mourir. Bien au contraire, en général. </i><br />
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<i>Quelques articles (moins d'une dizaine) surgirent à propos du 'Chocking Game', considéré comme une invention états-unienne susceptible de contaminer les paisibles cours d'école britanniques. Sans dramatiser.</i><br />
<i>Toutefois les enquêtes de coroner eurent tendance sinon à devenir explicites, du moins à mettre en garde sur le danger qu'il y a à se mettre un lien autour du cou et à exercer une pression.</i><br />
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Among all its names in the USA, TCG (<i>The Choking Game</i>) is the one the CDCs use in their <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5706a1.htm">2008 report</a>, although, no strictly speaking choking (internal obstruction of the airway) occurs.<br />
In France they call it "le jeu du foulard", although, curiously, scarves are rarely used.<br />
In the UK, about ten years ago, quite a time before it became news in France, Canada and USA, the medias, quoting players or making it up, mentioned it as the "The Fainting Game" (TFG) and, although fainting, in solo playing, most certainly means dying, this denomination is the most appropriate*.</div>
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*<i>Mais cette pratique était connue depuis bien longtemps, comme en témoigne un article publié dans le British Medical Jornal (<a href="http://www.bmj.com/">BMJ</a>) en août 1951. Deux formes de manipulation sont évoquées, appelées <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2069749/pdf/brmedj03507-0012.pdf">The Mess Trick and the Fainting Lark</a>, qui correspondent au rêve indien et au jeu du foulard. L'article valut deux réactions à ses auteurs. Dans la <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2070379/pdf/brmedj03509-0048c.pdf">seconde</a> un médecin rapporte une curieuse observation : un oedème consécutif à l'ablation d'une tumeur cancéreuse fut résorbé par l'application réitérée du Mess Trick.</i><br />
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<span style="color: #fff2cc; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">Fifteen years ago it was in the news.. </span></h3>
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.. for some weeks in the UK, simply because Eton College pupils confessed playing, as one of them had died hanging himself. Thereafter not a word anymore. Did the practice actually fall into oblivion ? Or was it safer to pretend it never existed ? But while adult minds refused bothering about TFG, kids kept on playing and dying here and there, as press titles show : "Hanging tragedy", "Death of student shrouded in mystery", "Boy dies after 'ligature accident'", "Girl, 10, is found hanged in bedroom", "Teenage TV actor found hanging", "Parents think 'prank' killed son ", "Childish experiment gone tragically wrong", etc. They use dressing-gown cords, school ties, judo belts, dog leads tied to bunk beds, showers, door pegs, wardrobe frames... Coroners record narrative, open, misadventure or accidental verdicts. Very carefully, without a note left by victims so young, coroners require a proof beyond all doubt to register a suicide verdict. For the medias, on the contrary, this is the alternative to accident, the delicate point being to find out a motive : bullying, Internet suicide chatroom, impulse, cell phone row, anything will do, futile or not, and even if the victim is described as a happy-go-lucky kid. Last but not least, devastated parents are left, for the rest of their life, with a haunting "why ?"</div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: large;">But what is the TCG if not a game ?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.factrange.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/our-brain-uses-20-percent-of-total-oxygen-and-blood-in-our-body.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.factrange.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/our-brain-uses-20-percent-of-total-oxygen-and-blood-in-our-body.jpg" height="98" width="200" /></a>Despite its long history, this bizarre practice is still an enigma for most people, including medical and law enforcement staff. It basically consists in external compression of the airway, whether on sternum or neck, whether by hand (team) or ligature (solo) in order to restrict oxygen flow to the brain (hypoxia). If pressed, the carotid artery nerve ganglion may provoke cardiac arrhythmia causing cardiac arrest. If not, the pressure on the jugular veins prevents venous blood return from the brain, gradually causing passive congestion and diminishing oxygen supply to the brain. This results in depressed respiration and unpredictable unconsciousness, turning useless any escape mechanism. The collapse of the body increases tension on the ligature and the pressure obstruction of the carotid arteries prevents blood flow to the brain (anoxia) while pressure obstruction of the larynx cuts off air flow to the lungs, producing irreversible asphyxia, all hope of meaningful recovery being lost with clinical brain death. Were the victim "saved" before death, complications may include persistent vegetative coma, cerebral edema (brain swelling), and herniation of the brain.<br />
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Those who practice in teams say they get a "high" when, thanks to their pals, they recover from unconsciousness. Some mention, with usually poor words, visual and auditive hallucinations that the names given to TFG are supposed to express : cosmos, black out, space monkey, high riser, speed dreaming... </div>
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Children and adolescents, especially the 12-16 group, of all social classes and kinds, the daredevils as well as the very sensible.<br />
When they do it in teams, alternatively strangulating and being strangulated, the main risk is a cardiac arrest. Without help in the following minutes – the others may panic and run away – it can be fatal. In any case, and although they are invisible, brain injuries do exist, irreversible. Those who practice secretly are tragically only discovered when they die from accidental hanging. </div>
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On the school yard or in judo or jujitsu classes or in summer camps. Some, after playing in teams, practice on their own. On the topic of special effects, they think that, unlike drugs, it doesn't leave marks and is free of charge.<br />
Some discover alone and by chance the strange sensation produced by pressing on their neck and explore it.<br />
Addiction is possible*.</div>
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The absence of signs doesn't mean someone isn't doing it and the first go may be fatal. Signs tend to increase with repetitive practice. One should be alerted in case of a cord, a string, a belt, a rope in unexpected place, recurrent and violent headaches, ecchymoses on the neck, humming or pain in the ears, micro-hemorrhages in the eyes, sometimes with loss of visual acuity, dull noises (feet beating the floor or a wall during convulsions after collapsing) and, with time, epileptic seizures, amnesia, confusion, mental disorders. </div>
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They show that, in a sample of more than a thousand persons representative of the French population aged +15, 6% of the parents who have heard of TFG consider that their children must have practiced once. 5% declare knowing children or adolescents who have been injured or died of that practice and nearly half of the persons who practiced TFG or have seen others doing it, were not conscious of the risk.</div>
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Deaths by hanging are too quickly assimilated to suicides or axphyxiophilia. A study (1995) on 136 youngsters deceased by strangulation, hanging and suffocation in UK3 questions without answering the exact cause of death of 21 children aged from 8 to 14. In a Scottish study (1998), 6 deaths by hanging are classified as suicides only because they are not accidental4. A study (1994) by the OPCS, identifying 136 children under 15 years of age, concludes that "the prevention of hanging in the group of older boys needs further exploration"5. A Canadian study in 2001 was the first one to mention strangulation games among youngsters in school bathrooms, using towel dispensers6. Following the death of 4 children and the coma of a fifth one, not only the existence of this practice was acknowledged but the decision was taken to suppress cloth towel dispensers in Canadian schools. </div>
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In 2012, <a href="http://www.ipsos.fr/">IPSOS</a> published the <a href="http://www.ipsos.fr/sites/default/files/attachments/connaissance_et_pratique_du_jeu_du_foulard.pdf">conclusions</a> of a survey done at the request of the French Charity APEAS (Association de parents d'enfants accidentés par strangulation). The APEAS chairwoman, Françoise Cochet, said that<i> the difference between harmful risk-related activities and TFG is precisely the fact adolescents have no conscience of the danger</i>. In respect of preventive actions, her recommendation is not to fear the subject. Here also information is invaluable.</div>
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<i>Quatre ans après la publication de cet article dans le BJSN, ITV a diffusé un drame en trois partie, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9coo8YD-ajs#t=16">The Guilty</a> ("Les coupables"). Un petit garçon disparaît au cours d'une nuit de fête de village. Sa mère ne le trouve pas dans son lit le matin. Avec la pédophilie, c'est le pire des cauchemars pour les parents. L'enquête n'aboutit à rien. Cinq ans plus tard des ouvriers qui creusent pour réparer une canalisation découvrent une boîte. Le corps de l'enfant est là, soigneusement enveloppé d'une couverture. Cette fiction illustre excellement comment, de non-dit en trop-dit, l'ignorance en fait de jeu du foulard détruit irrémédiablement la vie d'une communauté villageoise. </i></div>
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* L'addiction (d'où le sous-titre de ce blog, l'hypoxiphilie) est désormais attestée et étudiée conjointement avec d'autres addictions, dites "sans substance" ou comportementales. </div>
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Voir la page <a href="http://faintlark.blogspot.pt/p/addiction.html">Addiction sans substance</a><br />
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Anne A. Corrêa-Guedeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652561394570212256noreply@blogger.com